Records of the past; being English translations of the Assyrian and Egyptian monuments

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RECORDS 01- T II E P A S T

VOL. VII.

ASSYRIAN TEXTS.

NOTE.
Every Text here given is citlicr now translated for the first
time, or has been specially revised by the Translator to the
date of this publication.

RECORDS OF THE PAST

I; ("IN".

i:\GLISri TRANSLATIONS

OF TMK

.\SS^■RIA\ AM) I-,(;\'I''II A\ MoNTMlAI-S.

J't id.lSllED L'NDEIt THE SANtTKis
OK

Till'; SOCII .lA' ol HIBI.ICAI, ARCll.l'.i H/ )(,-. ,

\'()1.. VII.
ASS\-KIA.\ TEXTS.

Miill.l; teriici'li^ linpilx, ca'lcstibus lin:i.

LONDON
.SAMUEI, I'.AC;STKR AND SONS,

.5, PATERNtl-VlEk RUU.

CONTENTS.

Preface ... ... ... j

Inscription of Agti-kak-rimi ... ... ... i

By W. St. Chad Hosciwen.

Standard Inscription of Ashur-akh-bal ... ... 9

By H. Fox TAi.noT, F.R.S., etr.

Monolith of Ash\ir-akh-Bal 15

By H. F..X TA!.ii.,r, F.R.S., etc.

Annals of Sargon ... ... ... ... 21

By Dr. Julius Oppkrt.

Bull Inscription of Sennacherib ... ... ... 57

By Rn. J. M. RoDwi!!.!,, M.A.

A Prayir and a Vision ... ... ,,, ... 65

By H. Fox TAi.B<n, F.R.S., itr.

.Scnkercli Inscription of Nebuchadnezzar ... ... 69

By H. Fox Taluut, F.R.S., etc.

Birs-Ninirud Inscription of Nebuchadnezzar ... 73

By H. I'.ix TAi.noT, I'.R.S., rtc.

Susian Texts ... ... ... ... ... 79

By I)u. Ju LIUS OpPERT.

Median \^ersion of the Behistun Inscription ... 85

By Or. ]lM.i IS Oi-itht.

Three Assyrian Deeds ... ... ... ... in

By Dr. Julius Oi'|'i:hi .

Ancient Babylonian Moral and Political Precepts ... 117

By Riv. A. H. Savce, M.A.

The Revolt in Heaven ... ... ... 123

By H. Fox Talbot, I M.S., .tc.

Legend of the Tower of Babel ... . ... 129

By \V. St. Chad Bosc.\we\.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Eleventh Tablet of the Izdubar Legends ... ... 133

By the late George Smith.

Accadian Penitential Psalm ... ... ... ... 151

By Rev. A. H. Sayce, M.A.

Babylonian Saints' Calendar ... ... ... ... 157

By Rev. A. H. Sayce, M.A.

Lists of Further Texts, Assyrian and Egyptian ... 171

Selected by the late GrajuGE Smith, and
P. LE Page Renouf, F.R.S.L.

P R E F A C E.

The Seventh Volume of the " RECuRHh i<v nil.
Past" contains a selection of translations of Cunei-
form inscriptions of v.irious kinds, chieliy myLholo-ical
and historical. The attraction of this new branch of
study, and the publication for L^eneral use of the
records, have given a new impetus to the research ;
and it will be seen that new students ha\e entered
upon the paths, and olheis are rapidl>- training under
the public lectures given by the Societ)- of liiblical
iVrch;eoliig\-. On the other hand, i\ss)Tiulogy has Uj
deplore the loss of the late Mr. George Smith, whose
translations had contributed so greatly to the study
of the Cuneiform b)' an unri\alled knowledge of the
monumental inscriptions. Although the actual ex-
cavations Iku'c been suspended, and it might be antici-
pated that the study might therefore be arrested by
the want of a fresh supply of original documents, it

II PREFACK.

must be borne in mind that a great mass of material
already obtained still remains untranslated, the inter-
preters having principally directed their attention to
historical and mythological texts, while numerous
reports, letters, and miscellaneous documents still
remain untouched. Besides which sporadic excava-
tions, which continue to be carried on in the country,
have recently discovered several thousand inscribed
tablets, several of which are on their way to Europe,
and will, no doubt, prove contributions to Babylonian
literature, a branch of Cuneiform of which less re-
mains than the more prolific Assyrian. Although
the main outlines of Assyrian history have been made
out, the annals of Babylonia from contemporary
sources have still to be made out.

S. BIRCH.

September, 1876.

INSCRIPTION OF AGU-K A K-RI !\I I.

AN I.Akl.S' I;AI;S I.OMAN' KINi

TRANSLATED BY

W. ST. CHAD BOSCAWI.N.

'T'HIS inscription, which is as yet unpublished, is

found on a terra cotta tablet, marked 527 in the

British Museum. It was brought by Mr. Smith from

Assyria, in his last expedition, and a translation of it

was given by him in his work on Assyrian Discmcrics.

1875. The inscription is contained in eight columns,
VOL. \ 11. 2

2 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

but four of them only arc of any general interest, the
remaining ones are very much broken. I have given
a translation of the text in the Transactions of the
Society of Biblical Arcliceology, Vol. IV., Part i.

INSCRIPTION OF AGU-KAK-RLMI.

COLUMN I.

1 AcU-KAK-RIMI '

2 Son of Tasi-gurumas

3 of the noble seed of

I SUGA-MUNA

5 The glory of Axu and Bel

6 of Hea and Makduk

7 of the Sun and ]\roon

8 the powerful hero

9 of IsHi AR, the archer
10 of the goddesses, am I.

1 1 King of Kings

12 Ring of the obedient . . .

13 Son of Tasi-guru.mas

14 (irandson of

15 Ai;i ....

16 The warrior

17 in

18 the offspring of

19 Agu-ragas

20 of the noble and royal race

21 of U.MMAIl-;;iRITI

22 . . . . I am

23 Shepherd

24 of a vast people

' "The Moon makes our brilliance." Literally " Heart of Hearts."

2»

4 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

25 warrior

26 Prince

27 establisher

28 of the foundation of the throne of his fathers

29 I am.

30 King of the Kassi '

31 and (of the) Accadi

32 King of the vast land

33 of Babylonia

34 Colonizer

35 of the land of As-nun-nak with a people

36 vast, King of Padan

37 and Alman. King of the Goim,'

38 male and female . . . . '

39 the King, the establisher

40 of the four regions

41 worshipper of the great gods

42 Lo ! Marduk

43 prince of Bit-Saggal *

44 (to) Babylon

45 the great gods

46 (with) their noble mouths

47 his return ordered

48 Marduk. to Babylon

49 his face set

50 . . . ' Marduk . . . .' .
51 ' never '

^ The Kassidim of the Bible.

^ The tribes of Northern Elam, the old home of the Accadi or High-
landers.

' Lacunae.

* This temple was the acropolis of Babylon, its name means " House
of the lofty head."

INSCRIPTION OF AGU-KAK-RIMI.

COLUMN II.

I 'I glorified

2 and to take Marduk

3 to Babylon

4 his face I set and

5 (in) the paths of Marduk

6 Lover of my life

7 I walked and

8 Saru Samas, (an Officer)

9 to the land .... 'to the land of Khani'
ID I sent. Him Marduk

11 and ZlRAT-BANlT^

1 2 they had taken hold of, and

13 Marduk and Zirai-danit

14 lovers of my life

15 to Bit-Saggal

16 and Babylon

17 I restored them

18 In the temple of the Sun*

19 for the (division) of the future

20 I ])laced.

[(3ne or two lines are gone]

23 four talents

24 for the robes

25 of Marduk and Zirat-isanit

26 I had given and

27 a splendid dress

' lacuna?.

' A country to the North-west of Assyria. It is mentioned on an obelisk
of Ti{flath Pilescr 1.

' Succoth-benoth of the Bible. * --^ famous Babylonian temple.

6 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

28 a dress of gold and (blue)

29 for Marduk and Zirat-banit

30 I had clothed them

[Here follows a long list of names of, precious stones, the
translation of which being veiy uncertain is omitted.]

35 (precious stones) to the shrine of Marduk

36 and Zirat-banit

37 I had given

38 and (with) quantities of robes

39 the great

40 divinity

41 I had adorned

42 horned crowns'

43 lofty crowns

44 of Lordship

45 and image of divinity

COLUMN VIL

1 Marduk

2 to his throne

3 I caused to enter

4 a band of

5 sons of the people'

6 them

7 a grove a house field

8 to Marduk

9 and ZiRAT-BANn"*
10 I dedicated them.

11 Of the King Agu

12 may his days be long

' Lacuna.
Compare the crowns which adorn the wing^ed bulls, lions, etc.
' A temple guard of chosen soldiers.
■* The Succoth-benoth of 2 Kings xvii. 29, 31.

INSCkrPTIO.V OF AGU-KAK-RIMi.

13 may his years be extended

14 his life in prosperity

15 may he live

16 The highest heaven

17 wide

18 may he behold it

[Lacuna of six lines.]

25 The god . '

26 (existing) . . '

27 for ever . . .'

28 may he exist

29 may he exalt (him)

30 to the lordly King

31 Acu

32 who tile shrine of jMarduk

33 has made (and)

34 sons of the people

35 has dedicated

36 Axu and ANi'xrru'

37 in heaven may they be favourable to him

38 Jii'-.L and PiiLAi'

39 In the house . . .' and land of life

40 may they seat him

41 Hea'

42 and Da\-kina*

43 dwelling in the great deep

44 a life of days

' Lacuna?.

° The highest heaven was the realm of Anu.

' Hea was the lord of chaos or the great deep.

■* The goddess of the underworld, also called Ban, the Heb. mi.

8 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

45 long

46 may they grant him

47 The goddess Zira, lady of the great land '

[The remainder is lost.]

COLUMN VIII.

1 Greatness

2 may he complete

3 Sin ' illuminator of heaven

4 the revolver the paternal King

5 many days may

6 he appoint him

7 The Prince the Sun

8 ruler of heaven'

9 and earth,
ID his reign

1 1 for days extended

1 2 may he establish

13 Hea

14 the old Lord

15 wisdom •*

16 may he complete for him

18 Marduk lover of his life

1 9 Lord of fountains

20 his (fertility)

2 1 may he complete for him.

' An unknown ;joddess.
^ The Moon.

^ The Sun was also called daij(ni. iiist, " Judi^e of Men."
* Hea was called " the lord of wisdom." Compare " Descent of Ishtar,'
col, ii., Rectyt'dA of the Past, Vol. I.

THE STANDARD
INSCRIPTION OF ASHUR-AKH-BAL.

TRANSI.ATRD RV

H. F. TALBOT, F. R. S.

A FINE copy of this inscription exists in the
Museum of the Society of Antiquaries of
Scotland at Edinburgh, to whom it was presented
several years ago by Professor Sir James Y. Simpson,
Bart. At the request of tlic Council I gave a trans-
lation of it in Vol. VI., part i., of their Pivariiiiigs
(Edinburgh iS66), which I ha\e now re\iscd and
corrected.

This sculptured slab represents Ashur-akh-bal, a
monarch of the ninth or tenth century B.C. holding a
cup of wine, with which he is about to offer a libation
to the gods. The sculptuie is accompanied by an
inscription of twenty-one lines in \er)' good pre-
servation.

This inscription is a Avell-known one, more than
lOO copies of it having been found by Mr. Layard
while he was engaged in the excavation of Ashur-
akh-bal's palace ; for which reason it has been called
the " Standard Inscription."

lO RECORDS OF THE PAST.

Scholars are not agreed as to the pronunciation of
this king's name ; which signifies " Ashur protect the
child ! " Until this point is settled, I follow the read-
ing proposed by Dr. Hincks ; but I think it probable
that the name was Ashur-ussur-bal, but was pro-
nounced in the reverse order Ashur-bal-ussur, like
Nabo-bal-ussur (commonly called Nabopolassar,
meaning " Nabo protect the child ! ")

Ashur-akh-bal was a great warrior and conqueror,
but he appears to have been destitute of any taste for
literature. This may be inferred from the fact that
he gave orders to inscribe the same inscription upon
so many of the slabs which lined the apartments and
galleries of his palace ; whereas, if he had given upon
each slab the description of some different battle, or
other remarkable event of his reign, our knowledge of
his career would now have been much more complete.

There have been found, however, two pavement
slabs, engraved on both sides, at the entrance of the
temple of Hercules on the mound of Nimrud, which
give a much more full and perfect account of his reign
and his conquests. These have been lithographed by
the British Museum and occupy ten plates (17 to 26)
of one of their volumes of inscriptions. A transla-
tion of them has been published by the Rev. J. M.
Rodwell in the Records of the Past, Vol. III.,
pp. 37-80.

INSCRIPTION OF .\SHUR-.\KH-EAL.

I This is the palace of Asiiuk-akh-i!al, scn-ant of Ashi:r,
Priest of Bel and Ninii;, beloved by Axu and 1Jai;<)N,
\v()rshi]i])er of the great gods : the great King, the King
of the nations, the King of Assyria. Son of I'uki.at-
NiNiii' the great King, the powerful King, the King of
the nations, the King of Ass}Tia : who «as the son of
Hu-NlRARi,' also King of nations and King of Assyria.

3 The noble hero who went forth in the armed service of
AsHUK his Lord against the Kings of the four regions of
the world, as none had e\er done before ; and smote the
heretics who worship not the cvalted things, in battles too
numerous to be counted.

3 The King who humbled to the dust all those who did
not obey him ; and who subdued all the races of men-
The great worshipper of the gods ; the trampler upon the
necks of his enemies ; the conqueror of hostile lands ;
the destroyer of powerful fortresses. The King who ad-
vanced in the arms of the givat gods his lords, and sei^^ed
with his hand all hostile countries, fi.xed the tribute of all
their territories, and took hostages from them as a pledge.

4 The favour of AsiiuR, who called me to the sovereign

' Means probably "Servant of Ninib."
' Means probably "The g-od of the sky is my helper.''

r2 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

power, and is the supporter of my throne, gave his irre-
sistible arms into the hands of my Majesty. The armies
or the wide world I overthrew in battle.

5 By the help of the Sun, and Im,' the gods to whom I
trust, I conquered the armies of the Highland Nahiri, the
land of Kirkhi, the land of Subari,' and the land of Nireb;
and like the god Im himself I rode thundering over
them.

6 The King who subdued all the regions from the great
stream of tlie Tigris unto the land of Lebanon and the
Great Sea : with the land of Laki throughout all its pro-
vinces, and the land of Tsukhi as far as the city Rapikhi,
and compelled them to fall do^vn at his feet. And who
seized with his hand the region from the source of the
river Supnat unto the land of Urardi.'

7 All the region from the entrance of the land of Kirruri
unto the land of Kirzan ; and from the great stream of
the lower Zab as far as the fortress of Til-bahari which
protects the city of Zakim ; and from the fortress of Aptan
unto the fortress of Zabdan, along mth the cities of
Khirimu and Birrutu which is a fortified city of the land
of Kardunias' I restored once more to my country's rule.
All the region from the entrance of the land of tSabiti, as
far as the city of Khasmar, I distributed among the men
of my own land.

3 Over the regions which I had conquered I placed my
Lieutenants, and they did homage to me.

9 AsHUR-AKH-BAL the glorious Ruler, the favourite of the
great gods. The Sun of great splendour, the conqueror
of cities and lands witli all their people ; the King of
Kings, the chastiser of heretics ; the scourge of those
who worship not the sacrifices ; the great smiter of the

' The god of the sky. ' Or Mesopotamia. ' Armenia.

' Babylonia.

INSCRIPTION OF ASHUR-AKH-BAL, 13

disobedient ; the destroyer of rulers who reject my royalty,
and of heretics and rebellious men. The King whose
name caused lands and seas to tremble ; and who enrolled
in the federation of his empire glorious foreign Kings,
from the rising of the sun unto the setting of the sun,
every one of them.

10 The former city of Calah, which Sai.maxukish King of
Assyria, one of the Kings who reigned before me, had
built, that city had fallen into ruins.

1 1 That city I built again. I j^eopled it with the captives 1
had taken in the various lands which I had conquered .
the land of Tsukhi ; the land of Laklii through all its
provinces ; the city of Tsirku which is placed at the great
passage of the river Euphrates ; the land of Zamia through-
out its whole extent : the land of T5it-Adini, and the land
of Syria; together with the jieople of Luharxa King of
the Patinxans whom I had carried off

12 I pulled down its old citadel, and I built it new, as far
as the surface of the waters (in its moat?). (Jiie hundred
and twenty spans of the lower part I built in fine masonry.
AVithin the circuit of this fortress 1 constructed a palace'
of cedar ; a house of cypress wood ; a house of taprani
wood ; a house of ku wood ; a house of mcshkain wood ;
a house of tiid'iiit/i wood ; and of tarpiklti wood, for the
residence of my Majestw and for a remembrance of my
reign for evermore.

1 3 I made sculptures of the animals of the lands and seas,
carved in /«;'/ stone and in /^r//// stone,' and I set them
up at the doors of my palace.

14 1 made it grand, I made it splendid ; and with images
of bright copper I adorned it.

15 Columns of cedar wood, cypress wood, taprani wood,

' Or fine house. ' White alabaster.(.')

14 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

and mcshkaiim wood I erected at its gates : and the stores
of silver and gold ; of lead, copper, and iron, captured by
my hand in the lands which I had conquered, which I
had seized in vast quantities, I treasured up within it.

[It will be understood that this translation represents the
Edinburgh copy of the inscription. Other copies which were
found by Layard in great numbers, may differ somewhat in the
phrases employed, and in the arrangement of the subjects.]

MONOLITH OF ASIIUR-AKH-B AL,

KING OF ASSYRIA.

TRANSLATED BY

H. FOX TALBOT, F.R.S.

'X'HIS inscription is now preserved in the British
Museum. A litlioyrapliic copy of it was published in
Cniicifonii Inscriplioiis of Western jlsia. Vol. I. pi. 27.
I published a translation of it in 1S62 in the Trans-
actions of the Royal Society of Literature, Vol. VII.
p. 184.

It is distinguished by a long and earnest adjuration
to his successors on the throne, not to injure or deface
his monuments, as thc\- value the happiness of their
own lives, and the favour of heaven.

l6 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

Ashur-akh-bal was the most powerful of the ancient
kings of Assyria. He seems to have been almost
always at war. His conquests were very extensive,
reaching as far as the Mediterranean Sea, upon which
his love of adventure prompted him to embark and
join in the exciting chase of the dolphin. As a
warrior he was doubtless very active and skilful, but
he was cruel and merciless as we know from his own
account of his campaigns.

17

INSCRIPTION OF ASHUR-AKH-BAL.

The former city of Calah, which Salmanurish King of
Assyria, my ancestor, had built; that city had fallen to decay,
and its buildings had sunk into ruins and rubbish. That
city I built again. And I dug a canal from the Upper
Zab river, and I gave it the name of the Stream of
Fertility. And I planted beautiful trees along its banks,
and /;-//// tires the best of every kind, and vines. The
finest I devoted to Ashur my Lord, and the temples of my
country.

I erected palaces, and from the foundation to the roof I
built and I finished them. A palace for my royal residence
and for an eternal remembrance of my reign I founded w-ithin
the city. I adorned it, I embellished it ; with a crowd of
precious bronzes ' I filled it. Great gates of . . ' wood I

* Bronze or perhaps polished brass.

' Lacuna.

VOL. VIL 3

1 8 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

made : wth nails of bronze I fastened them together and
I placed them at the entrance. Thrones of cedar and
various other precious woods : ornamental ivories skilfully
carved: heaps of silver, gold, lead, copper and iron, the
spoils gained by my valour which I had brought away from
the nations I had conquered : all these treasures I deposited
within it.

The King of future days who shall repair its injuries, and
shall replace the written tablets in their places, Ashur will
hear his prayers !

That good King shall never fly before his enemies, nor
abandon this palace, my royal dwelling, in the city of Calah.
Its gates, its rafters, the crowd of bronze ornaments which
now stand within it, shall not be carried off They shall not
be removed to the city of his enemies, nor to the palace of
his foes. Its roofs shall not be broken : its statues shall not
be torn up : the sources which supply it with water shall
not be cut off: its spring shall not be closed up." Its
chambers of treasure shall not be plundered : its harem.
shall not be burst open with violence. Its inhabitants
shall not be made captives, nor with unseemly shameful
and immodest treatment be dragged away to the enemy's
palace, during the destruction and downfall of their own
city.

The King who shall not injure the sculptures of my
palaces, nor write on them wicked words : who shall not

' Bab-iha la ipakhi.

INSCRIPTION OF ASHUR-AKH-BAL. 19

suffer the front of my throne and my royal dwellingplace to
be broken ; who shall protect the face of these my written
tablets and shall not hurt the records of my reign ; May
AsHUR Chief of the great gods, who is the supporter of my
kingdom, uphold his rule over all the nations and place him
on my throne of glory and in my seat of power ! May he
subject the country of the four nations to his arms, and make
him live in prosperity joy and abundance !

But the man who shall not spare the face of these my
tablets, who shall injure the written records of my name, who
shall destroy these sculptures, or tear them off or hide them
in the earth, or bury them in the ashes, or bum them with
fire, or drown them in the waters : or who shall remove
them from their place and shall throw them dovm where
they will be trampled on by animals, and shall place them
in the pathway of the cattle : or who shall falsify my tablets,
which are now sculptured with good and pious words, and
shall write on the face of my records anything that is bad and
impious : or who shall change the words so as to confound
their meaning; whether he be a nobleman, or an officer
or any one else among my people, or who shall scrawl
on the tablets that I have wTitten, and shall say that they are
not true ; or out of contempt ' shall turn the face of my tablets
backward :

May AsHUR the great Lord, the god of Assj-ria, the Lord
of all royal crowns, curse his reign and destroy his works !

* j^s iiisti.

20 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

May he shake the foundations of his kingdom ! May
want and famine ; sickness and distress, prevail throughout
his land !'

' This inscription contains a few more lines, but they are much defaced.

THE ANNALS OF SARGON.

TRANSLATED BY

Dr. JULIUS OPPERT.

'T'HE annals of Sargon are the largest of all
Assyrian texts. They have been engraved in the
two halls of Khorsabad, which are noted in the plan
of Botta as Nos. II. and V. The annals formed an
immense ribbon of inscriptions, disposed in columns
like the papyrus rolls. Evidently the manner of the
writing of this great text is an imitation of the
usual style of papyrus rolls. In entering the hall, the
reader commenced at his left hand, and followed all
the sides and angles of the room, until he returned to
the entrance door, where the last lines of the inscrip-
tion were opposite to its beginning.

I have restored tlie texts by the four copies of
Hall II., v., XIII., and XIV. The Roman cyphers at

22 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

the margin designate the rooms, and the Arabic
number indicates the tablet in the Botta collec-
tion.

My translation of this important text appeared
first in the work entitled Doiir-Sarkayan, Paris, 1870,
and has been re-edited by M. Menant in his Annates
des Rois d'Assyrie, with some alterations. I have cor-
rected in this English edition a great many of the
errors which existed in my former version.

The Annals are arranged in a chronological order
by the years of Sargon, commencing with the civil year
{palu), and distinct from the computation after the
real accession (from one date of the accession to
another, sanat). Every year commences therefore
about March or April.

The text contains, moreover, one of the most im-
portant documents concerning chronology. In this
inscription, as in the great inscription of the Hall, there
is the mention of a period of Sin, or lunar period,
which ended in B.C. 712. I have proved that this
period was an eclipse epoch, and contained 22,325
synodical months, or 1805 years. By the aid of this
text we can with a mathematical certainty fix the

ANNALS OF SARGON. 23

Median Dynasty in Babylon at B.C. 2517 (7124-1805).
Indeed, 234 after this event, took place the Elamite
invasion, 2283 ; and we equally obtain this date
from the Assurbanipal texts, which put the capture
of Babylon by the Elamites 1635 years before 648,
that is, B.C. 2283.

In the Larnaca text of Sargon, now at Berlin, the
parallel confirming passage is as following : —
(iiltu yii)inc nikuti sibit Assur
{adi inuan)na.
" From the most remote days, the constitution of
Assyria, until now."

Here follows the true chronology of Babylon, after
Berosus : —

10 antediluvian kings . . . 432,000 years.
Deluge according to the Babylonians . B.C. 41,697
86 Chaldean kings, 39,180 years, cycli-
cal time of 12 periods of 1805, and

12 sothiac periods of 1460 years 41,697-2517

8 Median kings (Aryan) 234 years 2517-2283

1 1 Median kings (Elamite) 224 years 2283-2059
49 Chaldean kings 458 years • 2059-1601

9 Arabian kings 245 years . . • 1601-1356

24 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

Semiramis 42 years . . . 1 35^-1 3 H

45 Assyrian kings 526 years . . 1314-788

(Until the Babylonian and Median revolt.)

Downfall of Nineveh, B.C. 606.

Median empire, 228 years 788-560

Sargon states that from the ancient times until his

reign three hundred and fifty kings had ruled over

Mesopotamia, but this Berosian canon, restored by

aid of the inscriptions, contains only the names of

the Babylonian monarchs.

25

INSCRIPTION OF THE ANNALS OF SARGON.

XIV.-3. — Palace of Sargon, the great King, the might}'
King, King of the legions, King of Assyria, Vicar of the
gods in Babylon, King of the Sumers and the Accads,
King of the four regions. Favourite of the great gods.

The gods Assur, Nebo and I\Il.;odach, the gods of my
worship have entrusted me with the royalty without equal,
and have propagated the glory of my name until the end
of the world. I caused the contentment of Sippara,
Nipur, Babylon and Borsippa, I have made men respect
the laws and I have punished the transgression. I have
restored to the towns of Kalu, Ur, Orchoe', Rata, KuUab,
Kisik, the dwelling of the god Laguda, the gods who are
living there, I have dispersed their inhabitants. The
laws of the "old empire'" and of the town of Harran liad
fallen into oblivion since many years, I have re-established
their altered dispositions.

I walked in the obedience of the great gods; I forced under
my dominion the lands, which would not bow to me, I
opened forests which have never been crossed, I explored
their retreats.

I broke the pride of Humbanigas, King of Elam, I sub-
dued the lands of Karalla, of Surda, the towns of
Kisasi, of Kharkhar, of Media, until the ends of Bikni. I
put under the domination of Assyria the land of Ellip ;
I brought war into Armenia, I destroyed Musasir, I sub-
dued the land of Andia, I transported the populations to
the land of Van, I placed them into a delicious spot in

' This term is explained by Assur, but it means Sumir.

26 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

transporting them to the dwelhngs of Syria, of Carcamis,
and of Commagene. I took away Gunzinan of Kham-
manua of the town of Mihddie,' the town of his royalty;
I instituted my Governors as Lieutenants. I changed
the royalty of Tarkhular in the town of Markas. I
carried into Assyria the whole of the tribes of Gamglim

the Great " Yaman of Asdod despised my power,

he left his wife, his sons, his daughters, and fled through
the lands of the midday sun to the limits of Libya.' I
established him on the throne powerfully ; I put over the
whole of his extent country and on the men iihati, the
Satraps my Lieutenants for governing them ; I extended
the limits of Assyria.

XIV.-2. — Then the King of Libya was ovenvhelmed by the
immense fear of AssuR, my Lord, he bound his (Ya-
man's) hands and feet with iron chains, he sent his
envoys in my presence to Assyria. I plundered the dis-
trict of Samaria and the entire house of Omri, I entered
to Tamna, which is situated in the middle of the Western
sea, swimming like a fish. I took away the treasure of
the lands of Kaska,* Tabal, Hilakhu.' I expelled
MiTATTi, King of the Moschians. I overpowered Egypt
at Raphia ; I treated like a slave Hanon, King of Gaza.
I made tributary seven Kings of the land of Yahnagi, the
land of Yatnan,' who have established their dwellings in
the midst of the sea of the setting sun, within seven days
of navigation.

Merodachbaladan, King of the Chaldeans, who inhabited
the shores of the sea had exercised the supreme power
against the will of the gods of Babylon ; my hands reached
him. I took for hostage his entire country, and I
entrusted it to the hands of my Lieutenant of Babylon,

' The Melitene. ° Lacuna. ' Meluhhi. •• Colchis.

' Cilicia. ' The island of Cyprus.

ANNALS OF SARGON. 27

and of my Lieutenant of Gambul. I subdued to Assur
Uper, King of Dilmun, who has estabhshed his hidden
dweUings in the middle of the sea Hke the fishes ; he sent
presents to me to submit himself under my royalty.

By the assistance of the great gods Assur, Nebo and Mero-
DACH, I became victor by my arms, and obtained the
destruction of my enemies. I reigned from Yatnan,
which is in the midst of the sea of the setting sun, until
the limits of Egypt and of the land of the Moschiens,
from the great Phcrnicia, Syria in its totality, to all the cities
of remote Media, near the country of Bikni from EUip,
Ras," which is neighbour to Elam on the border of the
Tigris until the tribes of Ituh, Rubu, Haril, Labdud,
Hauran, Ubul, Ruhua, Litai, who live on the rivers of
Surappi and Ukne, the suti of the desert which are in the

land of latbur, the " until the towns of Samhun,

Babdur, Dur-Telit, Bilat, Dunni-Samas, Bubi, Tell-
Khumba, which belong to Elam ; and Kar-Duniyas, the
Higher and the Lower, from the lands of Bct-Amukkan,
Bet-Dakkur, Bet-Silan, Bet-Pahalla, which form Chaldea
in its totality, the land of Bet-Iakin, which is on the sea
shore until the prescinity of Dilmun.' I took their tri-
butes, I put over them my Lieutenants as Governors and
I forced them under my sovereignty.

n.-2. — That is what I did until the fifteenth year of ni)-
government . . . .'

Selected by the Kings who to m\- favour explained the
eclipse' visible over Haran and signed their pacts accord-
ing to the will of Cannes and of Dagon. Long and

' The Rosof the Bible; some scholars beheved them to be the Russians;
Ras, Mesek Tubal were explained by Russia, Moscau Tobolok.
' Lacunae.

' The modern Daylem, near Bunder-Bushir.
* This is the lunar eclipse of 721 (9, 2S0), March 19, mentioned in the

28 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

mighty, I employed my weapons tor submitting the rebels.
Being King, I have had no equal among the Kings from
the first day of my accession ; being a warrior I did not
withdraw battles and fights. All the countries I crushed
like the hasbd.

I asked from them the symbols of submission in the four
elements. I crossed forests without numbers, deep and
of a great extent ; I levelled their unequality. I crossed
winding and dry valleys, which were the seat of heat,
and in passing I ordered cisterns to be dug.

From the land of Ras, in the province of Elam, the tribes of
Rupud, Tamun, the towns of Dur-Kurigalzi, Rapik, the
lands of Maskak-Abi, until the river Musri (Egypt) of
Phoenicia, of Syria, all those gave me tribes.

My mighty hand reached from the town of Hasmar until
the town of Simaspatti in Media the far one, which is
situated at the rising sun, the lands of Namri and Ellip,
Bet-Hamban, Parsua,' Van, Armenia, Kaska (Colchis),
Tabal, until the Moschians, I instituted my Lieutenants
as Governors over them and I imposed to them the
prestation of the tributes like to the Assyrians.

II.-3. — In the beginning of my reign ' ' the Sa-
maritan . . . .■*

[Three lines are wanting.]
with the help of the Sun, who aided me to vanquish my
enemies, I besieged, I occupied the town of Samaria and
I brought into captivity 27,280 persons; I took before all
parts over them 50 chariots, the part of my kingdom. I
took them to Assyria and instead of them I placed
men to live there whom my hand had conquered. I
instituted over them my Lieutenants as Governors, and
I imposed on them tributes like over the Assyrians.

' Parthia. " u.c. 731.

' Unfortunately the name of the Samaritan liing- is lost. * Lacuna.

ANNALS OF SARGON. 29

In the first year of my reign, Humbanigas, sinned against
the precepts of the great gods and revolted himself. He
came into my presence for delivering a battle. I van-
quished him. I submitted the land of Tuhmun under
the domination of Assur.

Merodach-baladan having usurped against the will of the

gods, the kingdom of Babylon ... 'I led away '

men whatever they possessed 'I transported them

to Syria.

In the second year (720-719) of my reign, Ilubid of

Hamath ; ' he established himself in the town of

Qarqar and excited against me the towns Arpad, Simyra,
Damas and Samaria ....

[The Inscriptions of Hall II. pis. 4, 5 are destroyed. Forty
lines are wanting here and unfortunately the whole passage
concerning the battle of Raphia against Sebech and other
most important matters.]

II. -6. — Sebech had confidence in his armies and came
towards me for delivering a battle. I defeated them,
in remembrance of the great god Assur, my god.
Sebech went away with a shepherd who watched his
sheep and escaped. Hanon was taken by me, and I took
with me to my city of Assyria all he possessed. I
destroyed, I demolished his cities, I burnt them by fire ;
I took with me 9033 men with their numerous properties.

In the third year (719-718) of my reign, the towns of
Suandakhu and Durdukka, the capitals, thought of with-
drawing themselves from the domination of Iranzu of
Van, their Sovereign, who was faithful to me. They
trusted to Mitatti the Zikirtian. And the latter added
his men of war to their horsemen, and they made them-
selves his allies.

XIV.-i. — I counted all the armies of the god Assur and I

' Lacunae. ' The numbers are wanting.

30 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

marched against these towns. By the catapults (asibi
danni) I besieged, I broke the walls of their forces ; I
took wth me the inhabitants like slaves with all they
possessed. I destroyed, I demolished these towns, I
burnt them by fire.

IL-7. — The inhabitants of Sukkia, Bala, Pappa, Abitekna
had followed the counsel of revenge, in transporting their
surst, and in order to make submission to Ursaha, the
Armenian, they had given him the kiss of peace and had
committed great sins. I pulled them from their dwellings
and I made them live in the land of S}Tna and in Phoenicia.

In the fourth year of my reign (718-717), Kiakku of
Sinukhta forgot the precepts of the great gods, his heart
became hard he did not send any more his tributes. I
lifted my hand to the gods, my Lords, and I burst over
Sinukhta like a cloud. I treated him and his soldiers
like prisoners, 7350 inhabitants, his wfe, his sons, his
daughters, the servants of his palace, and I took a great
deal of booty. I gave Sinukhta, his capital, to Matti of
Atuna, and I added to the preceding tributes, horses,
donkeys, gold and silver.

In the fifth year of my reign (717-716), Pisiri, of Karkamis'
sinned against the great gods and sent against Mita
the Moschian messages hostile to Assyria. He took
hostages. I lifted my hands to Assur, my Lord. I
made him leave the to\vn, I sent away the holy vases out
of his dwelling.

I made them throw into chains of iron, I took away the
gold, the silver and the treasures of his palace, the
Circesian rebels who were with him and their properties,
I transplanted them to Assyria. I took among them 50
cars, 200 riders, 3000 men on foot, and I augmented the
part of my kingdom. I made the Assyrians to dwell in

' Carchemish or Circesium.

AXNALS OF SARGON. 3 1

Circesium, and I placed them under the domination of
AssuR, my Lord.

The inhabitants of Pappa and of Sallukna had seduced
the Overseer (the dogs), the scholars of my palace in
the land of Kakim, napadis. I pulled them out of their
habitations and I made them live at Damascus in Phenicia.

In the sixth year of my reign, Ursaha, King of Armenia,
enticed to rebellion Bagadatti, of the mountain of
Mildis, and the great of Karalla, of Zikirtu, of Van ; they
prepared the defection, and conspiration.

II.-8. — He made them doubt the power of Sargon and
superseded Aza, their legitimate Lord . . . .' he con-
ducted them ' In the high mountains, they pre-
pared the revolt of the country of Van . . . .' On the
summits of high mountains, they threw the body of Aza,
their master. I lifted the hand to the god AssuR, my
Lord, to interfere in the troubles of the country of Van
and to spare similar discords in Assyria. In the high
mountains, in an inaccessible place, there, where they
had thrown the corpse of Aza, I had Bagadatti flayed,
and I terrified the country of Van ; and I placed Ullusun
on the throne, the brother of Aza ; I entrusted to him the

whole country. But Ullusun ' had confidence

in Ursaha, the Armenian. He associated in his revolt
against me Assurlih of Karalla, Im of Allabur and
accepted the supremacy of Ursaha, the Armenian. In
the anger of my heart, I invaded these countries like
a raven. I counted the armies of the god of Assur, and
I fell into the country. I plunged like a storm on Izirti,
the capital of the country of Nairi, I killed a great many
people ; I burnt by fire Izirti and I occupied the toivns
of Izibia and Armit.
Ullusun and the race of his country came all to me and

' Lacunae.

32 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

kissed my feet. I forgave him his sins and I replaced
him on the throne of his royalty and I imposed him a
tribute in addition to the preceding tributes. When I
went to Itti of Allapur, I dragged him out of his dwelling
.'I deported all the men of Karalla ; and him and
his suite, I placed them in Hamath ' the town

XIII.-9. — of Ganon, the land of See ' I took with

my own hand Nirisar, Governor of the town of Surgadia.
I joined these towTis to the government of Parsuas.'
Belsarussur was the King of the town of Kisasi, . . . .'
I had them transported to Assyria with the treasure of
his palace. I put over him my Lieutenants as Governors.

V.-17. — I placed in the middle of the to^vn the gods who
show me the way and I called this town Kar-Ninip. I
erected there an image of My Majesty. I occupied the
lands of Bet-Sakbat, Bet-Hirmami, Bet-Umargi, the towns
of Harhubamua, Kilamoti, Armangu, I joined these to
his government. The people of Kharkhar had enforced
KiBABA, the Chief of the town and had sent to Dalta of
Elllp for submitting themselves. I occupied this town,
I delivered the prisoners, I installed those men whom
my hand had conquered. I put over them my Lieu-
tenants as Governors. I occupied the superior banks
which form the land of Aranzi, the inferior banks where
are situated the lands of Bet-Ramatua, Uriqatu, Sikris,
Saparda, Uriakku, five districts and I joined them to
those ; I imposed them besides their divinities, . . . . ^
in AssuR. I called the town of Kar-Sarkin.' I raised
the considerable tributes of 28 prefects of the capital
places of Media, I put the image of my royalty in the
midst of the town.

In the seventh year (715-714) of my reign, Ursaha, the
Armenian, conspired about the defection with Ullusun

' Lacunae. ' Parthia. ^ Unintelligible. ■* Kharkhar.

ANNAJ^ OF SAROON. 33

of Van, and took from him 22 strong places. Mat
taspisti dabilfe Ullusun conspired with Dayaukku. the
Prefect of Van,' and took with him his son as hostage.
I Hfted my hand unto Assur, my Lord, I occupied
these 22 strong places and I incorporated them to the
dominion of Assyria. I took with me Dayaukku and
his tribute, I re-established the tranquillity in the land of
Van.
II. -9. — I imposed as tribute to ^anzu, King of Nairi, in
Hupuskia, the town of his power . .' the town of

. .' the town of ' the towns of his power,

horses, oxen, lambs ' their oxen, their lambs

I attacked the strong places of Tilusina of Andia, I took
with the inhabitants of the two to\vns and all they

possessed ' I had an image of my royalty made,

I inscribed the glory of the god AssuR, I erected it in

the middle of Izirti ' The land of the superior

banks and of the inferior banks which I had submitted
with the inhabitants of Kharkha in my preceding cam-
paign, the liL't-.Vranzi " Bet-Ramatua, Uriqatu,

Sikris, Saparda, Upparia had abandoned me and con-
spired against me. I ' I subdued them under

my domination. I carried off the inhabitants as prisoners.

I occupied the towns of Ka 'of Kisirzariba, of

Halbuknu "of ' ua, of Anzaria, which

were situated on the superior and inferior banks. I
carried off . . ." their soldiers 4820 . . .' I imposed
to them tributes . . . ." arms of war. I occupied the towns
of Tell-Akhitub, of Hindau, of Anzaria, of Bit-Bagaia ;
I transported the inhabitants to Assyria. I restored them
again and I gave them the names of Kar-Nabu, KarSin,
Kar-Bin, Kar-Istar.

' This is tine Median name of Dejoces. ' Lacunae.

VOL. VII. *

34 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

To keep my position in Media, I built fortifications in the
neighbourhood of Kar-Sarkin, I fortified ' I re-
ceived the tributes of 22 Prefects of the capitals of Media.
I occupied the towns of . . ' Kimurru, the lands of
Bet-Hamma, I carried

II.-ii. — away 2830 inhabitants with all they possessed

[Two lines are wanting.]
who since ... ' and had killed the men of Que
. . .' I expelled them unto the sea . ..." I sub-
jected them again under my domination. I occupied
the towns of Harrua and of Usnani of the land of Que,
which MiTA, King of the Moschians had ravished, I
ravaged and plundered them.

I marched against the tribes of Tasidi, of Ibadidi, of
Marsimani, of Hayapai, of the land (of Arabia) the
remote inhabitants of the land of Bari whom the learned
and the wise men had not known ; no one among the
Kings my ancestors had ever heard this name. I sub-
mitted them to the obedience of AssuR, and those who
remained, I pulled them out of their dwellings and I
placed them in the town of Samaria.

Pharaoh, King of Egypt, Samsie, the Queen of Arabia, Ix-
Amar, the Sabean, are the Kings of the far seaside and of
the land of ... . ' I got from them, as tributes, frank-
incense, metals ' of the town of Am . ' gu, all

sorts of dogs of different races, horses and camels. I
helped Mita, the King of the Moschians, in the districts
of his kingdom . ." the fortified places of Han-ua and
Usnani, of the land of Quii, which had belonged to the
men of this land since an infinite time, I gave them back
to him.

In the eighth year of my reign,' I received the tributes of

^ Lacunae. ' u.c. 714-713.

ANNALS OF SARCON. 35

Van, of Media, which the men of the land of Van and
Ellip had kept from me.

II.-12. — 1 imposed a considerable tribute on Zirzirazala,
the Governor of the towns who belong to the district of
. . .' from whom the Kings my ancestors had never
obtained a contribution . . . '

[A line wanting.]
I killed a great many people in Mitatti of Zikirta, I took
three large towns with 24 boroughs in the environs, I took
all that appertained to them, I destroyed by fire Parda, the
tovm of his power. He and his men of his country
fled and one never saw again their traces. I killed in
quantities without number, people of Ursaha,' the Arme-
nian, and 250 persons of his royal race, and I made
prisoners his horsemen. He, he fled on his stud to save
his life ; he escaped in the mountains ; for five months
he wandered about alone in the mountains, in going from
the heights of the land of Zihar unto the valleys of the
mountains. I took from him the districts of the land
of Van, and I gave them to Ullusun of Van.

I occupied the towns of Uskaya, of Birtu, which are in
the dependency of the land of Zaran . . . ' hi, in
the land of Mallan, the valleys of the C)fpress raksat and
the 1 1 5 towns '

Astania, which is in the dependency of Bet-Sangibut, the

town(?) of ' 'I'W the town of Salmaki of the land

of Sala ' which are in the neighbourhood of the

town of Ulhu, near the land of Kispal, of Ezu, the
capitals and 140 towns of the neighbourhood which are
situated on the mountains of Arzabia, I destroyed them
to ashes. I attacked the principal

II. -13. — towns and 30 small towns in the neighbourhood of
the land of Armari 'of Ubiarda, the town of

' Lacunee. ' The Armenian //arc'ea. ^ This passage also is mutilated.

36 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

Abu, the residence of Rusan ' the towns which

are in the neighbourhood of the land of Arab, the districts
which are on the other side of the sea, the town of
Ar . . . . -the town of Qa which . . .' the lands
eruMu sabi . . " the five towns of the neighbourhood
of the land of Uaya; 30 towns of the land of Uaya, I
occupied them, I destroyed them to ashes. I imposed
upon Yanzu, King of Nairi, as tribute in his capital
Hubuskia, horses, oxen, and lambs.

Urzana of Musasir had refused the protection of Assur
and of Marduk and had thrown the eyes on Ursaha,
the Armenian. I recommended myself to the gods, my
Lords, I counted my cars and 1000 riders of my guard,
the men of my reserve c?//!v70'rt . . .' and the . . . .'
of the battles I went through the lands of Sihak, of
Ardi . ,' of Ulayan, of Alluria, inaccessible mountains
. .' impossible for the horses and inaccessible for
myself; Urzana heard of the march of my expedition;
he escaped like a bird and he went to the high mountains.
I took the town of Musasir, the residence of the god
Hat.dia ; I seized the booty of Urzana, his wives, his
sons, 8160 men, 682 donkeys, sheep, 920 . . . .' 125 ... .'
lambs, and I allowed them to leave, 30 talents, 18 mines
of gold, 160 talents, . . . .' minehs' of silver, cloths of
berom and cotton in great quantities . . . ' with . . . . '
talent, 3 mines of gold . . . .' 27 . . . .'

[Two lines are wanting.]
I took with me, the gods Hai.dia and Bagabartu . . . .'

V.-iS. — All these I took with me to Assyria and I confided
it to the hands of my Lieutenant, Chief of the dominion.
Ursaha heard the downfall of Musasir, the capture of
his god Haldia ; he despaired on account of the
victories of Assur, and he with his own hand with the

* Lacuna;. ' l-c, a wciirht.

ANNALS OF S ARGON. 37

dagger of his belt he pierced his entrails, as to a wild

beast '

In the ninth year (713-712) of my reign I went to Ellip,
Bet-Dayaukhu and Karalli ; the people of Karalli had
turned out my Lieutenant and had elevated to the highest
dignity Amitassi, the brother of Assurlib. I ordered
them to come to Assyria into the palace, and I imposed
upon them two thousands of horse harness. I pursued
AMITAS.SI, him and his '

[The Inscriptions in Hall II. pi. 15 are wanting, and those in
Hall V. pi. 14 are very mutilated.]

and I named 'of his royalty and I rejoiced the heart

of DAi.TA,and I re-established the tranquillity in his country.

II.-16. — The lands of Bait-Ili, the district of Media, which

belongs to Ellip ' The lands of Parnusiti, of

Utirna, the town of Eristani and the lands of Uriakku, of
Rimanuta, the lands of the district of Uppuriya, of Uya-
dane, of Pustis, of Agazi, of Ambanda, of Dananu, the far
districts of the territory of the Arabs from the rising sun
and the principal districts of Media had shaken off the
yoke of As.suR and had terrified the mountain and the

valley ' I distributed sarrakis the sakukat as the

belonging portion of every town and I pacified their
districts. I received the tributes of Uu.usun of Van, of
Dalta of Ellip, of Ninip-Baladan of Allapur, and of
45 Governors of the Median towns, consisting of 4609
horses, donkeys and lambs of an innumerable quantity.

II.-17. — Ambaridi, of Tabal ' Hulli his father,

was on the throne of the royalty ; one had given him Bet-
Burrutes, and he had entrusted it to his hand. In the

days of Hulli 'I had left him there and I had

given him my daughter with the town of Hilakku,' and I
had extended his dominion. But he, an unfaithful man,

' Lacunse. ' Cilicia.

38 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

did not observe his alliance, he had confidence in
Ursaha the Armenian, and in Mita the Moschian, who
had taken my provinces and my towns in the land of
Tabal, and he had sent him ambassadors. I counted
all the armies of the god of AssuR, and I cut like com
(iikatti scetis) the whole land of Tabal. Ambaris, King
of Bet-Buritis, and the descendants of his paternal house,
the great of the land, with loo cars, were taken to
Assyria. I established in the land of Bet-Buritis, the
land of Hillakku, aburris, strong places in this country,
and I placed the men whom AssuR had submitted by
his arms, I placed my Lieutenant as Governor over them,
and I subjected them under my crown like the Assyrians.

In the tenth year' of my reign, Tarhunazi of Mulid
. . . .' did not remember the religion of the great
gods. The great land of Khamman had not accepted
obedience nor the due respect to AssuR. I had put
him out ; Gunzinan took possession of the throne of his
royalty ... 'he had filled his hands with their tributes,
he had listened to his enemies and he had sent hostile
messages to Assyria. In the anger of my heart, I went
into the land of Khamman and I filled with terror
Miliddu, the town of his royalty like the . . ' All
their men, the herds I treated . . . . "

II. -i8. — And he for saving his life, retired himself to the
town of Tell-Garimmi. I took this town by stratagem. (?) I
diminished those who had withdrawn their obedience to
me. I threw Tarhunazi and his warriors into chains of
iron and I transported his wife, his sons, his daughters,
with 5000 prisoners and warriors into my capital. I re-
made Tell-Garimmi, I got it quite occupied by the . . . .'
of the land of Khamman, which my hand had conquered,
and I consigned it to the hands of my Lieutenant ; I put

' D.c. 712-711. ° LacunEe.

ANNALS OF SARCON. 39

over him my Vice-king, as it was in the time of Gunzinan,
the preceding King. I rebuilt ten strong places of
his environs and I made there a place of rest.

I fortified the towns of Suhsu, of Ursia, of Ammuaru, of

Ku 'of Anduarsilia, of the side of Armenia. I

rebuilt the towns of Usi, Usi ....,' of .. . .,' who
are near the Moschians, and I occupied the places which
one could not leave. The towns of Illibir, of Sindarara,

against ' Duir, the town of his royalty, with the

districts 'of the town of Commagene '

In these times, I had . . . .' the retreats of the moun-
tains of Syria.

II.-19. — In these times of my campaign, they brought me

' the (boxes ?) containing the treasures of the palace of

Saris, of Suruman ' consisting in . . . .' the

products of or during ' brilliant ore, of the land of

Susanira, of the land of Ilipu or Dariu, of sti, crowns,

of nibban in iron of the land of Sanmun which '

making it bright like tin, their ... .' white lead of the

land of Ammun, the mountain before ' the arms,

the treasure of the royalty which, like white marble

"the 'the land of Ba'ilzabuna, the great

mountain of copper, one after one, he worked them

These treasures without number which our fathers had not
heaped up, I amassed them in the cells of the palace of
Dur-Sargon, my town, and the collectors of silver made
themselves obeyed like ' in the whole of Assyria.

II.-20, XIII.-4. — In the eleventh year (71 1-7 10) of my
reign, Tarhulara of Gamgum had been obliged to
recognize the power of Mutallu, his son, who had taken
his seat on his throne against my will, and administered
the country. Tarhulara asked me to decide on his

' Lacunae.

4° RECORDS OF THE PAST.

quarrel . . .' In the wrath of my soul, I marched in
haste with my cars and my horsemen, who did not leave
the trace of my sandals, to Varkasi. I took Mutullu,
his son, and the family of the land of Bet-Pahalla, in its
whole extent ; I took as booty, the gold, the silver, the
. . .' of his palace of which the number is '

II. -2 1, — I reinstated the people of Gamgum and the terri-
tory of their tributes; I instituted my Governor over
them like my Lieutenant, and I treated them like
Assyrians.

AzuRi, King of Asdod, made up his mind not to be obedient
to AssuR and not to supply any more his tributes. He
sent to the Kings his neighbours hostile messages to
Assyria. Then, I meditated a vengeance, and I replaced
him in the domination of his lands. I elevated to his
place his brother Akhimit to the royalty. But the people
of Syria inclined to revolt, and were tired of the government
of Akhimit and elevated Iaman, who like him was not
the legitimate master of the throne. In the wrath of my
heart, I did not divide my army and I did not diminish
the ranks, but I marched against Asdod with my warriors,
who did not separate themselves from the traces of my
sandals. I besieged, I took Asdod and Gimt-Ashdodim.
I took with the gods who inhabit these towns, the gold,
the silver, the whole contents of his palace.

II.-2i(Z. — I then made again these towns. I placed the
people whom my arm had conquered. I put over them
my Lieutenant as Governor ; I considered them like
Assyrians and they practiced obedience.

In the twelfth year" of my reign, Merodach-baladan,
son of Jakin, King of Ghaldea, who had established
his dwelling amidst the sea of the rising sun, he had con-
fidence in the sea and gubus idi.

' hacun^e. ^ n.c. 710-709.

ANNALS OF SARGON. 4 1

V.-ii, XIII. -4. — He . . . .' the precepts of the great gods
and refused his tribute. He had first engaged an alHance
with HuMBANiGAS, King of Elam, and e.\cited against me
all the tribes of Mesopotamia. He jjreparcd himself to
war and he descended to the land of the Sumers and
the Accads. Against the will of the gods of Babylon,
the town of Bel, who judges the gods, he had sent
during twelve years ambassadors. But Merodach, the
great god, did not accord his protection to the hostile
actions of Chaldsea, which he had seen, and the loss of
the sceptre and the throne of his royalty was made with
his help.

I wlio am Sargon, the pious King, I have been chosen by
him among all the Kings, and he elcxatcd my head in
the land of Sumer and Accad, and in order to make to
submit the Chaldeans, a people rebellious and perverse he
augmented my forces.

With the help of Mkrodach, my Lord, I kept up my
heroism ; I arranged my plan of the battle, and I pro-
claimed an ex]jedition against his hostile enemies. But
he, Merodach-baladan, heard of the approach of

V.-io. — my expedition; he fortified his strong places, he
assembled the parties of his army and lie united all the
troops of (lambul to the town of I )ur-Atkhar, and
when my expedition passed, he augmented his garrison.'
He left to them 600 horsemen and 4000 ..." who
formed the front guard of his army, and he incited their
courage. 'I'hey joined new works to those which the
fortress had already, and they bored a channel from the

river Surappi, and . . .' a swarm they 'his

environs.

II.-26. — I marched until the hour of the setting of the
sun, and I captured 18,430 men with all they possessed,

' Lacunje. ' Masartv.

42 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

tlieir horses, donkeys, mules, camels, oxen and lambs.
The rest fled before my arms ; they directed themselves
to the river Uknu, the inaccessible one, and the reeds
(of) the (marshes) . . . ,' after the . ..." They heard
that I attacked the town ; their courage left them, they
fled like birds, taking with them from the river Ukni great
tributes in oxen and lambs. I re-built this town, and I
gave to it the name Dur-Nabu. I put over these men my
Lieutenant as Governor and I imposed to every one of
them like a yearly tribute i talent, 30 minas of silver, 2000
acres of corn, besides twenty oxen, one ox besides 10
..." and one lamb. I left there these men and
' which I had taken.'
II. -22. — The town of Karet-Nami, the town of Nabu-
Yusalla, . ^ the . . . .' of Dur . . .' the town

of Mahiru, six towns of the land of Hubagu '

the town Oran-Rahmiel, the town of Yahdi, two great
towns of . .' -nanagi, the town of Parasa, the town

of Yah . . .,' three towns of Nahar-hirit, the district of

the town of Higaya, the town of ' the town of

Asicl, the strong place of Vannuyasana, the town of
Rahi . . .' the town of .' unaisidan, six towns be-
longing to the city of Hilti, the town of Haza . . .' the
town of Sap'harri, the town of Hamadani, the to\vn of
. . .' the town of Yahyanu, six towns of Sahalani,

the town of . .' the town of Namri, the town of
Zaruti, the town of Saadani, the town of . . . ' the
town of . .^ sali, seven towns which belong to the dis-
trict of Nagia, the town of . . . .^ of Astamu, whose

' are numberless, the Zikri of Aisamu, . . .' paha,

the town of Dinega, the town of Samibnaya, the town of

^ Lacuna;.

" The Hall II. pi. i has a difTerent copy; there are the names of
Bar, Hazael, Hamdan, Zcbit, Aniava, and others.
^ Unfortunately the names of all these towns are obliterated.

ANNALS OF SARGON. 43

V.-Qf. — Babilie, the town of . . .' mi, the town of Andan,
Sihrai, Patiyail, Khula . ' su, the town of Usiyadah,
Hailai . . .' the town of Hukanu, the lands of Silburatti,
Tibarsun, Pasur, Hahirut, Hilmut, the six districts of
Gambul and the treasures of the fortified towns them-
selves, were joined by mc to the crown of Assyria.
[The Inscriptions in Hall II., pis. 23, 24 are wanting.]

The tribes of Rubua, of Hindear, of Jatbur, of Pukud,
learned the seizure of Gambul ; they left at the approach
of the night, and directed themselves to the inaccessible
Uknu. I made a bridge over the river Undias, the river
of their . ..." through woods and plants. I got con-
structed two forts on the other side of the river. I allowed
them to quit with their goods, and they left the environs
of Ukni, and they kissed my feet. Yanuk, the Lieutenant
of the town of Zamd, belonging to Nabuyusalla, of the
town of Abure, Passan-haukan of Nuhan, Satal of
Ibuliya, the men of the nasikat of Pukud, Abhata of Ru-

XIII. -7. — hua, HuNiN, Samka, Sabharru, Rapk; of

II. -2 1. — Hindar, the horses and the oxen, the lambs of the
Chief of Hindar and the warriors came to Dur-Atkhar and
kissed my feet. I took their hostages, and I constituted
a tribute like to the Assyrians. I handed them to the
hands of my Governor of the land of Gambul. I con-
secrated the spoil of the oxen, numerous muttons at
Nkbo. The rest of the arameen people, wicked people
and those who inhabit their districts, had placed their

hopes on MERODACH-BALADAN,and OnSUTRUK-NAKHUNXE,

and had directed themselves to the river Uknu. I
ravaged their country, the great buildings like the light-
ning. I hewed down the palms of their plantations, their
gardens, the product of their districts and I distributed
their villages among the army. I sent them out to the
' Lacuna.

44 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

river Ukni, at the place where they should meet their
dispersed bands ; I defeated them and put them to
flight. They took as prisoners their men and their goods,
and

[The Inscriptions in Hall II. pi. 26, 27 are wanting.]
they made an invasion in the towns of Rame, Abure,
Saptir, Mahis, Hilipan, Kaldan, Pattian, Hayaman, Ga-
diya, Amat, Nuhan, Ama, Hiur, Sa'al, the fourteen strong
towns and the neighbouring towns in the valley of the
river Ukni, which had withdrawn themselves under the
strength of my weapons. They came back humiliated
from the river Ukni and they kissed my feet. I threw
down like ... .' this district more than it had been
done formerly, and I intrusted it to the hands of the
Prefect. The towns of Sam'un and of Bab-Dur, fortress
of SuTRUK-NAKHUNTE, King of Elam, were incorporated
to the land of Jatbur. I took into captivity Ninu and
Singansibu, the chief of the fortresses and 7520 Elamites
who were with them and 12,062 men of . ..." the
issumbi, horses, donkeys, sheep, camels and a great many
treasures.
V.-Qfl. — I rebuilt the Xown of Samuna, I made to change
its name and I called the town Bel-Bagar. I named
MusEZiB, Natnu, Ailun, Daizzan, of the land of Sahir,
AiRiMMU, the only chief of the town of Sula . ' and
. ..." a, the seven iiisikat of the Jatbur brought to my
camp horses, donkeys, oxen and lambs ; and to complete
their submission, they kissed my feet. I incorporated
to the territory of Assyria the town of Sahir, of the land
of Tadibir, the towns of Salan, of . . 'of Samuna, of
Bab-Dur, the fortresses of Jatbur, the towns of Akhilimmu,
of Pillut, the dominion of Elam and the towns which they
environ in the valley of the river Nadit. The towns of

' Lacunar.

ANNALS OF SARGON. 45

Tul-Humba ' Dube, Haman, the fortified refuges

of the land of Ras, had retired themselves before my
mighty battles and were entered into the town of Bet-
Tinbi ; and this Sutruk-nakhunte, their King, retired
himself with them into the far mountains to save his life.
^Vith the help of AssuR, of Nebo, of Merodach, I
traversed with the force of my armies the Euphrates, and I
directed my face to the town of Dur-Ladinna, of the land
of Bet-Dakurri. I rebuilt the town of Dur-Ladinna
nada, and I united my soldiers, the selected troops of
my battles.

Concerning the glory of AssuR, of Nebo and of Merodach
which I had spread in these countries, Merodach-ba-
ladan. King of Kar-Dunyas, heard of it at Babylon, in
the midst of his palace, his distrust

II. -28. — overcame him ; he made go out in the night
time with his auxiliaries, his troops of battle, and he
directed his steps against the land of Vatbur in Elam.
He gave as a propitiatory present his pasur in silver, his
throne in silver, his parasol in silver, his . . . .' in silver,
his nirmaktu in silver, the insignia of his royalty, of a
considerable weight, to Sutruk-nakhunte the Elamite,
that lie might support his party. He took by violence
da'tus, the cattle of the Elamite and avoided my arms

in pursuing ' his march and did not announce

his itinerary. He heard of the abstention of the chief
of his party, and he turned' in a circle. He made
wear his cotton (proverbially), he took with him what
remained to him, and prepared himself for every eventu-
ality. He and his auxiliaries withdrew their soldiers from
Jatbur, he \\cnt to the town of Ikbibel and stopped there
in safety.

The people of Babylon and of Borsippa, the men who

' LacunjE. ' Unknown. ' Ippalsih.

46 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

enter the palace, the men of the army, the learned people
of books, and those who march before the mitherat of the
land which he had entrusted to him, carried in my pre-
sence the sihat of Bel, Zarpanit, Need and Tasmit in
the town of Dur-Ladinni. The inhabitants of Babylon
called on me, and I made shake the entrails of the town
of Bel and of Merodach, who judges the gods. I
entered immediately to Babylon, and I immolated the
expiating victims to the great gods.

I established my power in the midst of the palace of
Merodach-baladan ; and I received the tribes of the

V.-9. — lands of Aram, of Amukkan, of Dakkuri. The
Kings my predecessors had dug an ancient channel at
Borsippa ; I have made a new one, to the glory of Nebo

II.-29. — and of Merodach, unto the town of Suanna
(Babylon).

The people of Hamaran who had withdra\vn from my mighty
arms were entered in Sippara, and had resisted to the
approach of the expedition of the Babylonians. In my
constancy, I sent them my judges as my Lieutenants ;
they approached themselves in confidence and, great and
small, they fled no more.

During the rest, during the calm, the month of Sebat
approached, the month of the rise of the Master of the
gods ; I took the hands of Bel, of Merodach, of Nebo,
the King of the legions of the sky and of the earth, and
I searched the road of the house of treasures. Two
sculptured bulls, equal, winged, birds ... .' with their
katri without ' were erected before them. I ac-
complished sacrifices . . .' to the gods . . .'of the
Sumirs and the Accads.

In the thirteenth year" of my reign, in the month of lyar,

' Unexplained words. " B.C. 709-70S.

ANNALS OF SARGON. 47

I left the town of Suanna (Babylon) ; I raised my courage
and I disposed of my strength .... 'I

[The Inscription in Hall II. pi. 30 is wanting.]
went to the towns of . . .' bidaya, Ikbibel, Hi . .,' Me-
RODACH-BALADAN forced a contribution of the towns of
Ur, of Larsa, of Kisik, the dwelling of the god Lacuda ;
he assembled his forces

V.-8. — at Dur-Jakin, and he fortified his citadels. He
made measure almost a plethrum around his fort, and dug

II. -3 1. — a ditch of 200 spans of longitude and of one
fathom and a half of depth, until he arrived at the waters
of the channels. Then he pierced a trench beginning
from the Euphrates, and he divided in several branches the
height of the course of the river. He provided the town
the centre of his rebellion, with a dam, he filled all with
water, and cut the conductings. He and his auxiliaries
commanded to the soldiers of his battles to raise into the
air like birds, the insignias of his royalty, and he arranged
his camp. By the grace of AssuR, of the Sun and of
Merodach, my warriors extended themselves along the
courses of the water like '

I approached myself with courage to him and his royal
courtiers, whom I pulled before his feet like the asli. I
put disorder among his soldiers and the horses, among
the harness of his feet, when they advanced. I pierced

myself the "in the zibit mulnndli, and the King

pierced, like a sihku, with trouble the great gate of his
town. I harvested like the asli the people of Pukud,
,' and the Marsanians who accom-
panied them. I filled with terror of death the other
soldiers. I captured the insignias of his royalty, the
throne of his royalty in gold, the sceptre in gold, the
pasur in gold, the parasol

' Lacunse.

48 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

V.-7. — in gold, iidini in gold and in silver, arms thisnat,

. ' ganin sutilli, instruments of the battle. I made

prisoners all the men who inhabit the interior of this

land and who had withdrawn from my arms in Dur-Jakin.

The pasir, the herds

[The Inscriptions in Hall II. pi. 32, 33 are wanting.]
of oxen, of camels, of sheep and lambs were taken away
. . . ' The mighty armies of the god of Assur pillaged
this town during three days and three nights and took

with an immense booty ' I carried off 80,570 men,

2070 horses, 700 donkeys, 6054 camels ' I received

. . . . ' what my army had taken. Then I ordered that
nothing should come out of the town or come in of what
they had appropriated with respect to o.xen and sheep, and
I enclosed all in the town rusukis. I destroyed the parks,
I cut the trees . . . .' Then I limited the surface of

the town, like a ,' I heaped up . . .' a . . . .'

great in a pile which I put into the fortress. And this
Merodach-baladan, recognising his own weakness, was
terrified ; the immense fear of my royalty overwhelmed
him, he left his sceptre and his throne ; in the presence
of my ambassador, he kissed the earth. He abandoned
his castles, fled and one saw no more his trace.' His
. ' I called him, he blessed my honour and I
accorded him the grace. The gold, the silver, the stones,

the metals, the bdilliuiin ,' the niimati, the stones

ka . . .' the . . . .' the copper, the minerals which had
been accumulated by the princes his predecessors and
ancestors since many years, 1000 horses, 800 donkeys
. . . ' 30,000 giziati in gold, the instruments

V.-6. — ' the thrones in gold, the 'in gold

' productions of the river, '

I burnt by fire the town of Dur-Yakin, I destroyed, I

Lacuna,'. ' Literally "and no one saw him again."

ANNALS OF SARGON. 49

ruined by fire his ancient pinnacles ; I pulled out the
fundamental stone, I have made a place of desolation.
Concerning the people of Sippara, of Nipur, of Babylon
and of Borsippa, I allowed them to continue in the
midst of the town their ancient professions, in surveying
them. They took the culture of the fields, which be-
longed since an immemorial time to the people of Sitti,
and they appropriated them to themselves. I replaced
under my domination the Suit of the desert. I put
again in their former places their limits.

I re-established at Ur, Orchoe, Rat, Sarsa, Kullab, Kisik,
the dwelling of the god of Laguda, the god of their sanc-
tuary and I restored the gods who had been taken
away from them ; I restored their habits which were
fallen into oblivion.

I subjected to a regular contribution the land of Bet-Yakin
both superior and inferior, unto the towns of Sam-una,
Bab-I)ur, Dur-Telit, Bube, Tul-Humba, which belong
to the dominion of Elam, and I placed, in changing
the respective places the men of the Commagene in
Syria, whom my arm had reached, in the adoration of
the great gods, my Lords. I established the administra-
tion containing the dominion of Elam in the town of Sak-
bat. I ordered Nabupakidilan to make enter the im-
positions of the Elamite people.' I took for mortgage

V.-s. — the fortress (Birtu) of this land and I trusted her
to my Lieutenant the Governor of Babylon and to my
Lieutenant the Governor of Gambul.

Uperi, King of Dilmun, whose hidden dwelling is estab-
lished in the midst of the sea, ilmty parasangtz off

n.-34. — the coast, like those of the fishes, he heard of
tlie glory of my domination and he brought his tribute.

Wliile I made them repent their punishment to the

' Literally, " to impose tribute upon the Elamites."
VOL. VU. 6

50 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

Chaldeans and to the Arimi of the sea of the rising sun
and while I made feel my domination to the men of Elam,
my Lieutenant of the land of Que whom I had instituted

in the land of "in the countries of the setting sun,

and to whom I had trusted my subjects, he attacked
MiTA the Moschian in his countries, he went on the good
roads with his cars and he marched on the bad roads
by foot, being under water until three silbu. He took
2000 men, amongt he soldiers of their battalions and there
were no more. He occupied two fortresses, the protec-
tion of these districts whose position is inaccessible in
the mountains and in the far region.
(He killed) the men of war (who had opposed themselves)
in his forts ; he let the hfe to the others. He carried
into captivity 2400 men, free and slaves, of this land; he
pillaged these two towns and the neighbouring towns ; he
demolished and ruined them and burnt them by fire.
His ambassador, who was of the family of his wife, carry-
ing thousand ' took wth in my presence the man

'in the town of Irmai in Elam, and he rejoiced

my heart. And this Mita, the Moschian, whQ had not
presented homages to the Kings my predecessors and
who had not sent ambassadors for asking peace and
friendship, hearing the record of my glory and of the prey
of my hand which AssuR the great Lord had granted to
me for what I had done in the sea of the rising sun ;
(and hearing) of the defeat of the land and of the captivity
of the inhabitants and of the humiliation of Uperi, King of

Dilmun, who is living in the midst of the sea '

this Mita sent in my presence his ambassador for making
his submission and for bringing his tributes unto the shore
of the Eastern sea, and presented me his expiatory pre-
sents, and recognized the powder of the god of AssuR.

* Lacunae.

ANXALS OF SARGON. 5 1

II.-35. — And the seven Kings of lahnagi of the land of
latnan," whose dweUing is situated at a distance of
seven journeys in the middle of the Western sea and who
have elevated there their dwellings, and whose names
since the most remote times until the renewal of the lunar

period, were not known by the Kings my fathers '

they had refused their contributions, but after the news
of the humiliation of the Kings of Chaldea . . . ' which

they heard far away ' they brought in my presence

to Babylon, gold, silver, utensils, ebony, sandal wood, and
the products of their countries aiid they kissed my feet.

[Hall II. pis. 36 and 38 are wanting. Some lacuna; are re-
stored by the so named Great Inscription.]

V.-4. — In the fourteenth year (708-707) of my reign, Mu-
TALLU, of Commagene, a wicked man and an enemy, who
had not honoured the cult of the gods, had confidence
in Aruisti, King of Armenia, and he had trusted to him the
town of Ulid. In the virgin forests he . . . .' had refused
his tribute and he sent his ambassador in my presence
into the land of Bet-Iakin, to ask from me peace. He
had learned what I had done in the preceding campaign,
which I had undertaken in Assyria, and the high deeds
which I had executed over the land of the Chaldeans and
in Elam. He fled alone to save liis life ; he wandered, even-
ing and morning, on the inaccessible mountains with his
Princes. I ordered my Judges to administer these large
territories as a part of my royalty. I marched during
si.\ sc/iociics, he abandoned his palace and he fled alone,
and his trace was no more seen. They (my Judges) be-
sieged this town, and they carried from it as spoil, his wife,
his sons, with the inhabitants of the land, the horses,
the donkeys, the mules, the camels, the oxen and the
sheep. They took also the gold, the silver, clothes in

* Cyprus. ' Lacunae.

52 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

bcrom and in cotton, blue and purple dresses, bdellium,
skins of sea calves, ebony, sandal, the treasure of the
palace, and they brought all this in my presence into
the town of Calach. I rebuilt this town, I placed there
the men of the land of Bet-Iakin. I instituted over
it my IJeutenant as Governor, I called him Bit-kat

■ and I joined a tribute to that one which I

had paid formerly, and I replaced the Governor on his
throne. I fixed his contribution to 150 cars, 1400 horse-
men, 20,000 archers, 10,000 shield bearers; spear casters
were taken among his men. I entrusted to him the
country, and I considered him as one of my Lieutenants,
and . ..."
In the fifteenth year ' of my reign, the following passed : —
I had subjected to the power of the god Assur the country
of Ellip in one of my former campaigns ; as long as
Dalta of Albany lived, it was subject to me. But the
illness of age came and his last day arrived, and went
with him in the path of death. Nibie and Ispabara, the
sons of his wives, asked each of them for himself the occu-
pation of the royal throne, the country and the tributes,
and they prepared themselves to combat.
V.-3. — NiDiE asked Sutruk-nakhunte King of Elam, that
he should support his party, and he gave him, as mortgage,
the promise of his submission, and he left assisted by him.
Ispabara asked me, in his prostration and humiliation, to
support his party and to fortify his courage, and he offered
allegiance to me. I sent then seven of my Lieutenants,
my Governors, to make triumph his party. Nibie and
the anny of the four rivers (of die Susians) his auxiliaries
retired themselves. He and 1500 Elamite archers fled,
to save their lives, unto the town of Mareobisti. He
locked himself up at Mareobisti, his fortress, which is

' Lacuna:. ^ B.C. 707-706.

AXXALS OF SARGON. 53

situated on the summit of a mountain. My warriors drew
away once more in their attack the inaccessible fort.
They carried before me Nibie, covered with ties and
chains. I raised once more the town of Mareobisti, and
I crucified on the cross the adherents of Nibie. On
the whole land, I established the regency of I^pabara

' I trusted him the government over all the men

of Ellip ; I made of the whole country a place of peace,
I re-established it under his domination, and they be-
haved like pious men.
In these times, these people and these countries which my
arm had conquered and which the gods Assur, Nebo
and Merodach had united under my domination, fol-
lowed the road of righteousness. With their help I made a
town with the divine will and the wish of my heart, which
I called Dur-Sarkin at the feet of Musri, to replace
Nineve.' Salman, Sin, Samas, Nebo, Bin, Ninip and

' Lacuna.

' In some inscriptions are given the dimensions of Khorsabad, as 3I ners,
I stadium, 3 canes, and 2 spans {U').
This is :

3i ners, at 7200 spans . . . 24,000 spans.

1 stadium at 720 „ . . 720 „
3 canes iS „

2 U' 2 „

24.740 „
The great side, according to the measurements of Botta, are just in the
proportion of 6000 to 6370. The great sides or the square were therefore :

2 sides at 6000 12,000

2 sides at 6370 12,740

=4.740
By this means, the lens^th of the sfan or tlie half culit has been fixed
at o"' 27425, or English inches, as the whole of the walls of Khorsabad
are 6790 metres. 7427 yards; the sides are:

2 sides of 1645 metres, 6000 spans
2 sides of 1750 metres, 6370 spans

6790 metres, 24,740 spans.
See the explanation in my Etalon des mesures as^riennes.

54 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

their great wives, who reign eternally in the high regions
and in the infernal tracts of Aralli, have blessed the
splendid wonders, the beautiful streets of Dur-Sarkin. I
rectified the institutions which were not corresponding
with their wills. The priests, the nisi ramki, the sarmakki
supar debated, in their learned discussions, the pre-
domination of their domination and the efficiency of their
sacrifices.

I built in the town, palaces covered wth skins, sandal,
ebony, tamariscus, cedar, cypress, wild pistachio-tree, of
an incomparable splendour, for the seat of my royalty. I
have disposed their duna on golden boards, in silver, in
copper, in stone tihpi, in polished stones, in tin, in
lead, in iron, in steel and in hibisU arranged. I have
written about this the glory of the gods ; on the top I
have built doors in cedar.

V.-2. — I have surrounded with rings of copper the doors
of fir and of tamariscus, and I disposed their distance
symmetrically. I made a spiral staircase equal to that
one of the great temple in S}Tia, and which is called in
the Phenician language, Bit-hilanni. Between the doors,
I put eight double lions of which the weight is of a
ton, of six quintals, of fifty talents' of massive copper

employed in honour of Mylitta. Their ' was

of wood in timini and of fir, and I placed their 4 kubur
in materials of the mountain Amanus, on the nirgalli.
I fortified the vaults of the doors by timvii and I painted
at the exterior the animals of the field of all size and
winged, in stone of mountains.

' This is 1 ton . . . 600 talents.

6 quintals . . . 360 „
50 talents ... 50

loio talents,
or nearly 67,000 Engflish pounds.

^ Lacuna.

ANNALS OF SARGON. 55

Towards the four regions of the sun, I disposed the cornices
and the door posts ; I placed over them architraves in
gypsum stone of great dimensions originally from the
countries which my arm had conquered. I covered their
walls and for the admiration of men, I had the images
of the lands sculptured since the beginning until the
end, which I had occupied with the aid of Assur, my
Lord. After the rules of art of skilful men, I have
made these palaces, I have built the rooms of treasures.

In the month of hearing, on the day of blessing, I
have invoked amidst my followers Assur, the Father and
the Sovereign of the gods, and the goddesses who inhabit
Assyria. I presented them frankincense vases in glass,
chiselled objects in pure silver heavy jewels, in great
quantities, and I rejoiced their mind. I exposed sculp-
tured bulls, coupled, winged, ' winged, . . . . '

winged quadrupeds, reptiles, fishes and birds, symbols of
abundance of an incomparable fecundity, then of i}iidit
expiatory silaru, to present the elevated mountains, the
summits of the heights which my hands had conquered.
For the glory of my royalty, the arm of the gods, Assur
has received them and his heart became favourable to
me. I immolated, in the presence of the gods, pure
victims, supreme sacrifices, expiatory holocausts to excite
them to pardon, which was difficult to be gotten, I asked at
the same time a happy existence, a long life, an illustrious
descendance, the constancy in victor}', and I relied upon
him.

The great Lord Bel-El, Master of the earth, inhabits the
Sennaar ; the gods and the goddesses inhabit Assyria ;
they live there in pargiti and 7iiarlakm.

With the Chief of the provinces, the Satraps, the Wise
men, the Doctors, the Magnates, the Lieutenants and

' Unexplained objects.

56 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

the Governors of Assyria, I sat in my palace, and I
practised justice.

This palace contains gold, silver, vases in gold and silver,
precious stones, copper, iron, the products of rich mines,
blue and purple stuffs, cloths in bcrom and cotton,

V.-i. — amber, skins of sea calves, pearls, sandal, ebony,
horses of Egypt, oxen strains, donkeys, mules, camels,
oxen, these are the tributes which I asked for the gods
whose heart I rejoiced.

May AssuR bless this town and these palaces in giving to
his images an eternal brightness. Might it be accorded
to them to be inhabited until the most remote days.

May dwell before its supreme face the sculptured bull, the
protector the accomplishing god, may he watch there
the day and night time, and never his feet may move
from this threshold !

With the aid of AssuR, the King who has founded this
palace may attain the old age, and may he have seven-
fold offspring ! Until the last days may last its battlements.

And may it be that I, Sargon, who inhabits this palace,
may be preserved by destiny during long years for a
long life, for the happiness of my body, for the satisfaction
of my heart, and may I arrive to my end !

May I accumulate in this palace immense treasures, the booties
of all countries, the i^roducts of mountains and valleys !

Whoever, in the following days, among the Kings my sons,
will succeed to me, may he restore this palace if it is
threatened with ruin, may he read my inscriptions, may he
count the tablets, and perform a sacrifice, may he put
all back in its place. Then Assur will listen to his prayer !
But whoever shall alter my writings and my name, may
Assur, the great god, throw down his sword; may he
exterminate in this land his name and his offspring, and
may he never pardon him this sin !

57

BULL INSCRIPTION OF SENNACHERIB.

B.C. 705-681.

TRANSLATED BY

REV. J. M. RODWELL, I\I.A.

KKCTOR OF ST. ETHELDURGA, LONDON.

'T'HE following translation is part of the history of
Sennacherib, found on slab i, belonging to the Ko-
yunjik bulls in the British Museum, and published in
the Wcstcnt Asiatic Inscriptions, p. 12. It has not
been thought desirable to encumber these pages with
the text of the three remaining slabs, as they are in a
very fragmentary state, and have reference mainly to
the buildings erected at Nineveh, consisting chiefly
of uninteresting lists of material (wood and stone) and
of architectural terms for which it is always difficult.
and often impossible, to find modern equivalents.

S8 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

The perusal of this uiscription will present many
important points of contact with the Books of Kings
and the prophecies of Isaiah, and should be compared
with a different text recently translated by the late Mr.
G. Smith, at p. 295 of his Assyrian Discoveries, and of
which the text here given is obviously an abbreviated
copy. It need not be remarked that the Sennacherib
inscriptions are a remarkable confirmation of the
scriptural accounts of the same events.

59

INSCRIPTION' OF SEXNACHERIB.

1 The palace of Sennacherib, great Prince, powerful
Prince, Prince of legions. King of the land of Assyria,
King of the four regions, worshipped of the great gods
irsii valiant, the manly, the bra\ e, Chief of the Kings

2 of disobedient people, subverter of evil designs. The
god AssuR, the mighty god whose rule hath no equal,
hath established me, and over all the inhabitants of
realms hath amplified my sway

3 from the upper sea towards the sunset to the lower sea of
the sunrise, all the Kings of the four regions have I sub-
jugated ....'..' In my first

4 expedition, of Merodach-Baladan King of Kardunias
together with many warriors of S)ria his allies, in the
vicinity of the town Kiski I effected the overthrow. For
the preservation of his life, by himself

5 he fled away : his chariots, his horses, his goats and oxen,
and beautiful woollens my hands captured ; I went up to
his palace in the heart of Babylon ; I opened it, and

6 his treasure house, with gold and silver, vessels of gold
and siher, the precious stones, the choice spoils (kept in)
that palace, I plundered ; his strong cities, the castles of
die land of the Chaldees together with the wide-spread
cities of their territory

7 I captured and spoiled (together with) their women. On
my return I captured and despoiled the Aramaeans on the
banks of the Tigris and Euphrates \\'ith their women. In
the course of my expedition

' Lacunae.

6o RECORDS OF THE PAST.

8 from the Governor of Hararati I received abundant
tribute ; I cut off the hostile population of the city of
Hirimmi and destroyed them with the sword ; but few
were there whom I left : that city I took

9 together with its oxen, sheep and goats and all its prin-
cipal possessions I took possession of for the land of
Assyria.

In my second expedition to the lands of Bisiya and
Yasibi with my forces I went. Through forests

10 and difficult places I rode on horseback to a remote
spot : to my yoke I subjected it : the cities of Kilamzah,
Hardispi, Bit-Kubili, their cities, their fortresses

III captured and despoiled : their women and their cities
their sons without number, I destroyed and cut off : the
palace I burned with fire : I then returned and Bit-
Kalamzah

1 2 to Birtutu I annexed : the inhabitants of these lands, the
acquisition of my hands, I settled in it ; and reckoned
them to the city of Arbuha in the hands of a Viceroy : I
turned and to the land of Illipi

13 the road I took : before me Ispabara its King his strong
city evacuated and to a distance fled : the city Marugarti,
the city Akupardu, cities of his sovereignty,

14 together with the cities of their territory I captured and
plundered : their spoil I laid waste, cut off, and burned
with fire ; the city Umumirta, the city Hapumah, fortified
cities as well as smaller cities

1 5 within their territory I captured : the land of Bit-Parua
I formed into a complete province and annexed it to the
borders of Assyria : the city Ilinzas for the protection of
that province I took

INSCRIPTION OF SENNACHERIB. 6l

16 its name I changed, and gave it the title of Kar-Senna-
cherib : the men of the land the acquisition of my hands
I caused to dwell in its midst, and in the hands of the
Governor of the city Harhar

17 I placed them. On my return I received through my
prowess the tribute of the remote land of Media of which
the Kings my fathers had not even heard, and subjected
them to my yoke.

18 In my third expedition I proceeded to the land of
(Hatti)' : fear at my approach overwhelmed Elulaus
(LuLi) the King of Zidon, and from the midst of the land
of (Aharri)' to (\'atnana)'

19 which is in the midst of the sea he fled and quitted his
country : I placed Tubalu on the throne of his kingdom:
I established over them a tribute for My Majesty : the
Kings of the \Vest country, all of them, their abundant
tribute

20 as a gift, each for his own city, to my presence brought,
and ZiDQA King of .Vscalon who had not submitted to my
yoke. The gods of his fathers' house together with his
family

21 I removed and deported to Assyria. Sarludari the
son of RuKiPTi tlie fonner King I appointed of the
people of Ascalon, and ordained for him the tribute due
to my dominion.

22 In the course of my expedition I captured and took the
spoil of his cities which had not submitted to my yoke.
The (iovernors and the population of the city (Amgaruna)*
who Padi their King

23 an ally of Assyria witli a chain of iron had bound and to

' Syria.
' Phoenicia. The Assyrian word Ahirra implies that Phoenicia was a
land which stood far back, i.e. westward.
' Cyprus. Yalnana has reference to the mercantile transactions.
* Ekron.

62 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

Hezekiah King of Judah had delivered him, the shadows
of death ovenvhelmed them. The Kings of Egypt
gathered archers

24 chariots and horses of the King of Meroe,' a force
without number. Under the walls of Albaku I fought
with them, and effected their overthrow. The Com-
mander of the chariots

25 the sons of the Egyptian Kings together with, the Com-
manders of the chariots of the King of Meroe alive my
hand captured. To Ekron I approached; and the Princes
who rebellion

26 had brought about, I slew with the sword; the sons of
the city who had thus behaved to me I treated as prey ;
the rest of them who had done nothing (amiss) I pro-
claimed as innocent. Padi their King

2 7 I brought forth from the midst of Jerusalem and on the
throne I set over them, and fixed upon him the tribute
due to my dommion. Hezekiah King of Judah did not
submit to my yoke ;

28 46 of his cities, strong fortresses and cities of their
territory which were without number, I besieged, I cap-
tured, I plundered, and counted as spoil. Himself I
made like a caged bird in the midst

29 of Jerusalem the city of his royalty : garrison-towers over
against him I raised : his cities which I had plundered,
from the midst of his country I separated, and to the
Kings of Ashdod, Askelon

30 Ekron and Gaza I made them over, and diminished his
land. In addition to previous taxes, I imposed upon
them a donation from their own resources as tribute.
Hezekiah himself the fear of the approach

31 of My Majesty overwhelmed, and the nrh' and liis OAvn
soldiers and the (other) soldiers whom he had caused to

^ Ethiopia.

INSCRIPTION OF SENNACHERIB. 63

enter Jerusalem his royal city. He consented to the pay-
ment of tribute : 30 talents of gold, 800 talents of silver :

32 the buUion the treasure of his palace, his daughters the
women of his palace, male musicians and female musicians
to within Nineveh the city of my power he caused to carry
and for the payment of the tribute he sent his messenger.

33 In my fourth expedition to the land of Bit-Yakin I pro-
ceeded. In the course of the expedition against Suzub a
Chaldean dwelling in the midst of marshes, at the city
Bit-but I effected

34 his overthrow. My arms he avoided and fled alone, and
his place was not discovered. I then faced about and to
the land of Bit-Yakin took the road. He,

35 Merodach-baladan' whose overthrow I had accom-
plished in the course of my former campaign, avoided the
blows of my powerful arms, and to the city of Nagiti
which is in the midst of the sea he fled.

36 His brothers the seed of his father's house whom he had
left on the sea coast and the rest of the people of his
land, from Bit-Yakin in the midst of the marshes and
swamps, I took as spoil. I returned, and his cities

37 I laid waste and burned with fire. On my return, I
seated Assur-nadin-sum my son on the throne of his
dominion, and entrusted him with authority. In my fifth
expedition,

38 against the people of Tukharri, whose abode like nests of
birds upon the rugged mountain tops over Nipur was
established, but who had not submitted to my yoke.

39 I got ready my chariots at the foot of Nipur, and vnih

my soldiers I, like in their front with an attack

that turned not back ; hollows, streams, mountain crags,
in a palanquin I passed over

' Merodach Baladan. This name may also be written Marduk Bel-
Adon, and is obviously Semitic.

64 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

40 a place that was impracticable for the palanquin I passed
over on foot . . . .' to a place where my knees had
rest : the sheep, the cattle, I collected ; waters

41 nauseous (to quench) my thirst I drank : by crags and
forests I reached them, and beneath them I took up my
position : their cities I captured and plundered,

42 laid waste, razed and burned with fire : I again faced
round and took the road towards Maniya, King of Ukki,
who had not submitted to me : rugged paths, such as
never before (I had seen), mountains

43 difficult (of access) in their midst, where no Prince
before me had ever been I traversed on foot : at the foot
of Anara and Asku, powerful countries, I caused my
chariots to halt :

44 I seated in my splendid palanquin, with my men of war
painfully climbed up crags and broken mountains ..."

45 He, Maniya heard of the approach of my army, and
evacuated Asku his royal city, and fled to a distance. I
went up . . . .'

46 to the interior of his palace ; his bullion, his stores of
untold number, I plundered. His vast treasure : his city I
laid waste, razed and burned with fire ; and took possession
of like a heap of com.

^ Lacunae.

65

A PRAYER AND A VISION.

FROM THE ANXAT.S OF ASSURBANIPAL, KING OF ASSYRIA.

TRANSLATED BV

H. FOX TALBOT, F.R.S.

T^HE passage of which the following is a translation
forms an episode in the great war of Assurbanipal
against the Elamites. The original text is given in
the Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, Vol. III.
pi. 32, and in the late IMr. George Smith's Annals of
Assurbanipal, p. iig-126. This translation was first
published in the Transactions of the Society of Biblical
Arclucoh\<;j', Vol. I., p. 346.

In this poetic narrative Ishtar is not the goddess of
love and beauty, but the goddess of war, Bellona of
the Latins, Enyo of the Greeks. Under the name of
Anaitis or Anahid the goddess was greatly wor-
shipped at Comana in Cappadocia ; and also in Pontus
and Armenia. At Comana she had a splendid

VOL. VII.

66 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

temple, served by a college of priests and more than
six thousand hicrodouli or temple-servants. Her statue
was of solid gold : ' her high priest was second only
to the king in rank.

Strabo calls this goddess Enyo, and Berosus makes
her the same with Aphrodite or Venus. The inscrip-
tions of Artaxerxes discovered at Susa call her
Anahid, which was the Persian name of the planet
Venus.=

The promises which the goddess Ishtar made to the
King in this vision of the month Ab were fulfilled.
In the following month (Elul) Assurbanipal took the
field against Tiumman, and his army speedily achieved
a brilliant victory. Tiumman was slain, and his head
was sent to Nineveh. There is a bas-relief in the
British Museum representing a man driving a rapid
car, and holding in his hand the head of a warrior,
with this inscription, Kakkadii, Tiuniinan, " The head
of Tiumman."

' Pliny Hist. Nat., Vol. II., p. 619, Harduin.
' Silvestre de Sacy.

67

A PRAYER AND A VISION.

I.

In the month Ab, the month of the hehacal rising of
Sagittarius, in the festival of the great Queen (Ishtar)
daughter of Bel, I was staying at Arbela, the city most be-
loved by her, to be present at her high worship. There they
brought me news of the invasion of the Elamite, who was
coming against the will of the gods.

Thus : TiUMMAN has said solemnly, and Ishtar has re-
peated to us the tenor of his words : thus : " I will not pour
out another libation until I shall have gone and fought with
him."

Concerning this threat which Tiumman had spoken, I
prayed to the great Ishtar. I approached to her presence,
I bowed down at her feet, I besought her divinity to come
and save me. Thus : O goddess of Arbela, I am AssuR-
liANiPAL King of Ass)Tia, the creature of thy hands, (chosen
by thee and) thy father (Assur) to restore the temples of
Assyria and to complete the holy cities of Akkad. I have
sought to honour thee, and I have gone to worship thee.

But he TiUMiMAN King of Elam who never worships the

gods '

[Here some words are lost.]
O thou Queen of queens, Goddess of war, Lad)' of battles,
Queen of the gods, who in the presence of Assur thy father
speakest always in my favour, causing the hearts of Assur

and Marduk to lo\-e me ' Lo ! now, Tiumman

King of Elam who has sinned against Assur thy father, and
has scorned the di^•inity of Marduk thy brother, while I
AssuRBANiPAL have been rejoicing their hearts. He has

' Lacunje.

68 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

collected his soldiers, amassed his army, and has drawn his
sword to invade Assyria. O thou archer of the gods, come

like a 'in the midst of the battle, destroy him, and

crush him with a iiery bolt from heaven !

ISHTAR heard my prayer. Fear not ! she replied, and
caused my heart to rejoice. According to thy prayer thy
eyes shall see the judgment. For I will have mercy on
thee !

II.

In the night-time of that night in which I had prayed to
her, a certain seer lay down and had a dream. In the midst
of the night Ishtar appeared to him, and he related the
vision to me, thus : Ishtar who dwells in Arbela came unto
me begirt right and left with flames, holding her bow in her
hand, and riding in her open chariot as if going to the
battle. And thou didst stand before her. She addressed
thee as a mother would her child. She smiled upon thee,
she Ishtar, the highest of the gods, and gave thee a com-
mand. Thus : Take (this bow) she said, to go to battle
with ! Wherever thy camp shall stand, I will come to it.

Then thou didst say to her : thus : O Queen of the
goddesses, wherever thou goest let me go wth thee ! Then
she made answer to thee : thus : I will protect thee ! and I
will march with thee at the time of the feast of Nebo.
Meanwhile eat food, drink vfine, make music, and glorify
my divinity, until I shall come and this vision shall be
fulfilled.
[Henceforward the seer appears to speak in his own person.]

Thy heart's desire shall be accomplished. Thy face shall
not grow pale with fear : thy feet shall not be arrested :
thou shalt not even scratch thy skin in the battle. In her
benevolence she defends thee, and she is wrath with all thy
foes. Before her a fire is blown fiercely, to destroy thy
enemies.

' Lacuna.

69

SENKEREH

IiNSCRIPTION OF NEBUCHADNEZZAR.

TRANSLATED BV

H. FOX TALBOT, F.R.S.

'T'HIS text is inscribed on the cylinders which were
found at Scnkereh in the ruins of the temple of the
Sun, which are now in the British Museum.

The original text of this inscription was published
in CuHcifonn Inscriptions of Western Asia, Vol. I.,
pi. SI.

The inscriptions of Nebuchadnezzar relate chiefly
to the repairs of temples, which are often given at
great length.

yo RECORDS OF THE PAST.

If we possessed a single historical inscription of
that monarch, it could not fail to cast a strong light
on Babylonian history, and perhaps on that of the
Jews also. But hitherto the researches of our explorers
have been unsuccessful in finding any annals or civil
records of his reign, unconnected with the public
worship of the temples.

71

SENKEREH
INSCRIPTION OF NEBUCHADNEZZAR.

COLUMN I.

1 Nebuchadnezzar King of Babylon

2 the monarch devout and pious

3 worshipper of the Lord of Lords '

4 restorer of the temples of Saggathu and Zida

5 the noble son of Nabopolassar

6 King of Babylon, I am he.

7 When the great Lord Marduk

8 the renowned Chief of the gods

9 this land and people

10 gave unto my rule,

1 1 at that time the temple of Tara

12 which is the temple of the Sun at Senkereh '

13 from extreme old age

14 had mouldered into ruin :

15 its interior had fallen, and lay scattered about :

16 its figures' were no longer visible.

17 And during my reign the great Lord Marduk

18 that temple

1 9 shook with an earthquake.

20 Towards all the four quarters of the heavens it was
thrown down

2 1 the earth of the interior had been dug up

22 in looking for the figures.

23 Then me Nebuchadnezzar King of Babylon

24 his chief worshipper

25 to restore that temple

■ The god Marduk. " Senkereh is the modern name of the city.

^ Idols, or symbolic figiires.

72 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

COLUMN II.

1 greatly he commanded me.

2 Of its ancient platform '

3 I made a repair."

4 On its ancient platform

5 fine earth I broke small,

6 and flat bricks I placed thereon.

7 Then the temple of Tara, a noble temple,

8 the dwelling of the Sun my Lord

9 for the Sun dwelling in Tara

10 which is within the city of Senkereh,

1 1 the great Lord, my Lord, I built.

1 2 O Sun ! gi-eat Lord !

13 into the temple of Tara, thy divine dwellingplace

14 in joy and gladness

15 when thou shalt enter

16 the pious works of my hands

1 7 regard with pleasure !

18 and a life of prolonged days

19 a firm throne

20 a long reign

2 1 may thy lips proclaim for me !

22 and may the gates and doors, and halls, and apartments

23 of the temple of Tara

24 which I have built

25 with no sparing of expense

26 remain recorded in thy book !'

' Or foundation of the old temple. ' Akhit,

' The good deeds of the Babylonians were recorded in heaven.

73

THE BIRS-NIMRUD
INSCRIPTION OF NEBUCHADNEZZAR.

THANSLATED BY

H. FOX TALBOT, F.R.S.

'T'HIS text was first published in the Cuneiform
Inscriptions of Western Asia, Vol. I., pi. 51, from
the cylinders found at the corners of the third stage
of the temple of the Seven Spheres at Birs-Nimrud
(anciently Borsippa), and now deposited in the British
Museum.

It was first translated by Sir Henry Rawlinson,
in the Journal of tlic Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XVII.,
and soon aftenvards in Vol. XVIII., p. 35, published
in i860, I added various remarks upon it. I have

74 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

now revised my translation and made a few emen-
dations.

The ruins of the Birs-Nimrud still rise 153 feet
above the level of the plain. It appears from the
researches carried on by Sir H. Rawlinson in the
year 1854 that it was originally a building in seven
receding stages, which were coloured so as to re-
present the seven planetary spheres, according to the
tints regarded by the Sabasans as appropriate to each.
See Rawlinson's Herodotus, Vol. II., p. 583.

75

THE BIRS-NIMRUD
INSCRIPTION OF NEBUCHADNEZZAR.

COLUMN I.

1 Neduchadnezzar King of Babylon

2 the noble King, proclaimed to you by the will of Mar-
DUK :

3 the great high priest, beloved by Nebo :

4 the wise Mage who unto the doctrines of the gods

5 raised his intelligence :

6 the high priest ever acti\e in adorning the temple of
Saggathu

7 and the temple of Zida :

8 the eldest son of Nabopolassar

9 King of Babylon, I am he.

10 When Marduk the great Lord

1 1 had created me a King

1 2 he commanded me to complete his holy buildings.

13 Neiso who bestows the thrones of heaven and earth

14 placed the sceptre of justice in my hand,

15 the temple of Saogathu, the great temple of heaven and
earth

16 the dwelling of Marduk Lord of the gods ;

1 7 the temple of Kua, the (shrine) of his Lordship

18 with shining gold I splendidly adorned.

19 The temple of Zida I built anew.

20 With silver, gold, and precious stones

21 iiicsiikan wood and cedar

22 I completed its roof.

23 The temple of the Planet, which is the tower of Babylon

24 I built, and I finished it.

76 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

25 AVith slabs of precious zamat' stone

26 I finished its summit.

2 7 The temple of the Seven Planets, which is the tower of
Borsippa

28 which former Kings had built

29 and raised it to the height of forty-two cubits,

30 but had not finished its upper part

31 from extreme old age had rotted away.

32 The water springs beneath it had not been kept in order :

' The zamat stone appears generally to have been the onyx (Hebrew
ntDniD) : but when large slabs of it are said to be used, it was probably
alabaster. The onyx pavements of the Romans were almost certainly
alabaster; vide the line in Martial:

"Calcatusque tuo sub pede lucet onyx.''

THE BIRS-NIMRUD INSCRIPTION.

COLUMN II.

1 the rain and the tempest

2 had ruined its buildings :

3 the slabs that covered it had fallen off.

4 The bricks of its wall lay scattered in heaps.

5 To repair it, the great Lord Marduk

6 incited my heart

7 Its site had not been disturbed : ' its timin ~ had not
been destroyed.

8 In a fortunate month, and on a lucky day

g the bricks of its wall, and the slabs that covered it
ID I collected the finest of them

1 1 and I rebuilt the ruins firmly.

12 Inscriptions written in my name

13 I ])laced in the finest apartments

14 and so of rebuilding (the ruin)

1 5 and of completing the upper part, I made an end.

16 {) Nf.bo ! noble son, exalted (messenger)

17 and beloved offspring, of Marduk !

1 8 my works of piety

19 behold joyfully !

20 A long life, abundant offspring,

21 a firm throne, a prolonged reign, the subjection of all
rebels

22 the conquest of my enemies' land, grant to me as a re-

compense

23 By thy noble favour, O founder of the (fabric)

24 of heaven and earth,

25 may my days be blessed with vigorous children.

^ I.e., by an earthquake.

' Platform containing the dedication cylinders.

78 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

26 In the presence of Marduk King of heaven and earth

27 thy father, present these my works !

28 and may my fortunate name

29 Nebuchadnezzar

30 or, the " Heaven-adoring King " '

3 1 dwell continually in thy mouth !

' This seems to be a fancy name, assumed by Nebuchadnezzar, to
express his great zeal in building temples and worshipping the gods.

79

SUSIAN TEXTS.

TRANSLATED BY

Dr. JULIUS OPPERT.

T HEREWITH lay before the learned public the
translation of the texts written in the language of
Susa, which have been only explained after a long
study of the Median documents, written in an idiom
of the same famil)- as the tongue of Susa.

These documents together with others were kindly
handed over to me twenty years ago by my late friend
William Kenneth Loftus. From his copies, they
have been partly published by M. F. Lenormant, in
his CJioix dc Tcxics Cnnt'ifortnes iiu'diis on incoDiplttc-
vimt public's, and I presented the first translation to
the Paris Congress of Orientalists, in 1873, with a
commentary justifying the version. Since that time,

8o RECORDS OF THE PAST.

the Rev. A. H. Sayce has commented on some
expressions contained in these texts in the Transac-
tions of tlie Society of Biblical ArcJiczology, Vol. III.,
but they have never been, until now completely,
translated.

This first attempt to render intelligible a language
hitherto entirely unknown, and where no bilingual text
supports the student in his difficult task, may of course
be subject to emendation by future scholars, disposing
of more materials than I did ; nevertheless, I think,
that the general sense has been exactly made out.

SUSIAN TEXTS.

INSCRIPTIONS OF SUTRUK-NAKHUNTE.

CONTEMPORANEOUS WITH SARC.ON, B.C. 7 10.

I AM Sutruk-Nakhunte, son of Halludus, the Susian
King, who reigns over the plains of Susiana.

I have constructed this house in bricks, and I never
sulUed the name of the Susian King in the service of the
gods.

This monument may exist, free from the dishonour of the
Susian King, servant of the gods.

GREAT INSCRIPTION OF SUTRUK-NAKHUNTE.
(partly destroyed, partly unintelligible.)

I am Sutruk-Nakhunte, the son of Halludus, the
Susian King, the mighty King, the King who reigns over
the plains of Susiana.

Susian King, I have meditated, the 365 days of the year,
on the future life.

I occupied this palace and the family's house, the palace
of the land of rivers, to govern tlie people of Susa,' and I

' The name of this town is Susun, and sigTiifies "lily." The country is
named Susunqu.

VOL. VII. 7

82 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

hold it for myself alone, the Susian King, the servant of the
gods.

I am Sutruk-Nakhunte, son of Halludus, the Susian
King, the mighty King, who reigns on the plains of Susiana.

The subdued people which the foregoing Kings had
governed, and whatever any one of them (has acquired),
Sutruk-Nakhunte, the Susian King, will fortify it, and
govern it without dishonour.

[Here follow 12 lines which have not yet been made out]

The former Kings occupied the mountains of Habardi'
and they occupied also the Rivers' land, the realm of
Attarkittah,' and they put in the palace of Susa the siege
of the Susian King.

I Sutruk-Nakhunte, have received the royalty of the
Susian land, which is the first of the earth, and as long as I
have inhabited Susa, the land of the earth, and the centre of
all mankind, I have received a great deal of tributes during
numerous years.

INSCRIPTION OF KUDUR-NAKHUNTE,

SON OF SUTRUK-NAKHUNTE.
CONTEMPORANEOUS TO SENNACHERIB, B.C. 69O.

I am Kudur-Nakhunte, the mighty Lord, the Emperor,
the Susian King, who reigns in the plains of Susiana.

I have demolished the ancient temple of the god Laga-
MAR,' I have consecrated a new temple, and I have founded
a palace for the Susian King, the servant of the gods.

' This is the name under which the whole land of Susiana occurs in the
Median texts.
^ A quite unknown proper name.

' This god's name occurs in the name of the Biblical Kcdorlaomer, in
Susian Kti^nylaiiamar.

SUSIAN TEXTS. 83

It has been constructed, and may the people always live
in it.

TEXT OF TARHAK OR SILHAK,

BROTHER OF THE PRECEDING.

I am SiLHAK, the Susian King, son of Sutruk-Nakhunte,
the mighty Lord, the Emperor, the Susian King, who . . . '

I founded on the hill a wall, and have destroyed the old,
and I have founded a house in the enclosure, in bricks, and
I have consecrated it to the glory of the Susian King, slave
of the gods.

May this house of the Susian King exist always, without
dishonour, and may I never deny the name of the divinities !

TEXT OF KING UNI).\S-ARMAN.'

I am Undas-Arman, son of Hu.mbabbak-Masnagi, who
reigns over the plains of Susiana.

The god Nakhunte, the Chief of the gods, . . .' will
protect the palace and will grant to him all blessings.

I have destroyed entirely the temple Sata, the ancient
temple, the high spot of the Uxians, the work of Lasih-
Nakhunte; in the place of the temple Safa, there have
been made new temples.

' Lacunse.

' This king Undas-Arman must be one of the latest kings of Susiana,
shortly before the submission of the Elamite power by the Persians. The
name signifies "GodArman sees." In Median «m<Ze has the meaning of
" eye." Arman is according to the Assyrian syllabaries, the name of the
god of Susa. In the texts of Assurbanhabal, there is to be found a god
Ammankasimas whose name is composed of this deity's. A quite different
term is umman^ occurring in many Susian proper names, the meaning of
which is "house." It is possible, that Umman Amman ''house of the god
Amman,'' was corrupted by the Greeks to Memnonian, the great edifice of
Susa. Amman may be an altered form for Arman.

7*

84 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

By the favour of Nakhunte, may these temples exist for
ever, during long times, for all future times.

And I myself, I well exercised the royalty: may I rejoice
in a long life.'

' There are existing several other fragments of Susian texts, but they
are too mutilated to be satisfactorily explained.

8s

THE MEDIAN VERSION OF

THE BEHISTUN INSCRIPTION
OF DARIUS HYSTASPES.

TRANSLATED BY

Dr. JULIUS OPPERT.

TTHE scientific world is greatly indebted to the
manly exertions and indefatigable labours of Sir
Henry Rawlinson, who copied, at the danger of his
life, the three texts of Bchistun, and who explained,
in so masterly a manner, the Persian original and the
Assyrian version.' The Median text has been given
after Sir Henry Rawlinson's casts by Norris in his
highly valuable work entitled, Tlic Scytliic Version
of the Beliistuii Inscription.

MM. Wcstergaard, de Saulc}', and Holtzmann did
not explain the Behistun, but ^\•ork■ed especially on the

' See Records of the Past, Vol. I., p. 107.

86 RFX'ORDS OF THE PAST.

Pcrscpolitan documents. M. Mordtmann endeavoured
to decipher these texts, but with scarcely more
success than his predecessor Norris.

I occupied myself some twenty years with the
Median version, and I believe that I have made
out the sense of many difficult passages in a definite
way. The Median version being the most complete
of the three documents, several of the most original
parts of the text have now been satisfactorily
explained.

I have also added some notes, to justify the exact-
ness of the translation, and to point out some facts
which had not been made known before.

87

MEDIAN TEXT OF

THE BEHISTUN INSCRIPTION.

COLUMN I.

1 I AM Darius, the great King, the King of Kings, the
King of the Persians, the King of the Lords, the son of
Hystaspes, the grandson of Arsames, the Achaemenian.

2 And Darius the King says : My father is Hvstaspes,
and the father of Hystaspes' father was Arsames, and
Arsames' father was Ariaramnes, and Ariaramn'es'
father was Teispes, and Teispes' father was Achae-
menes.'

3 And Darius the King says: On that account we called
ourselves Achaemenian of race : from ancient times we
have been mighty, from ancient times we have been
Kings.

' Achaemcncs was the last king independent of Persia, and therefore the
king's after Cyru^ declared that they were his descendants. He was the
sixth of his race. It is hii^^hly probable that Acha^menes was superseded by
Fhraortes, the Median king* {657-635), as it was he who first subdued the
PiTsians ; he was the great grandfather of Cyrus. As Cyrus was born
599 11. c, the chronology agrees perfectly well.

There is the pedigree of the race.

Five unknown kings.

Achaemenes, king

Teispes

I

! — - n

Cambyses Ariaramnes

Cyrus, king Arsames

I I

Cambyses, king Hystaspes

Darius, king

88 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

4 And Darius the King says : Eight Kings of my race
have before me held the kingdom. I am the ninth, who
hold the kingdom. Twice ' we have been Kings.

5 And Darius the King says : By the grace of Ormazd I
hold the kingdom : Ormazd granted me the kingdom.

6 And Darius the King says : These are the countries
which called themselves mine : by the grace of Ormazd
I held their kingdoms : Persia and the Amardes (Susians)/
and the Babylonians, and the Assyrians, and the Arabs,
and the Egyptians, and the maritime people, and the
Sapardes,' and the lonians, and the Medes, and the
Armenians, and the Cappadocians, and the Parthians,
and the Sarangians, and the Arians, and the Choras-
mians, and Bactria, and the Sogdians, and the Paropa-
misus,* and the Saces, and Sattagydia, and Arachosia, in
all 23 provinces.

7 And Darius the King says : These are the provinces
which called themselves mine. By the grace of Ormazd,
to me they made subjection, brought tribute to me, what
was ordered by me unto them in the night time as well as
in the day time, that they executed.

8 And Darius the King says : In these provinces, the
man who was a friend,* I cherished him, the man who was
an enemy, I punished him thoroughly. By the grace of
Ormazd, in these lands, my law was observed : what was
ordered unto them by me, that they executed.

9 And Darius the King says : Ormazd gave to me this

* Twice, at two different epochs, once before AchEemenes, the second
time beginninef with Cyrus. The Persian duviiutaranam cannot be explained
otherwise. Teispes, Ariaramnes, Arsames, Hystaspes, have never been
kings.

^ llahinlip is the name of the Suslans, the Persian Uvdza, Khoin^ the
Semitic Elam. Norris has already compared the name of AfxapSot, in Strabo.

^ 1-ycians. The word 6'rt/arf/, Scpharad of Obadiah, has been conserved
also in the Greek Sarpedou.

^ Paropamisus replaces the Gandara of the Persian.

* The Persian text has dauatut badly read until now again.

BEHISTUN INSCRIPTION. 89

kingdom, and Ormazd was my helper until I gained this
kingdom, and by the grace of Ormazd I possessed this
kingdom.
10 And Darius the King says: This is, what I did, by the
grace of Ormazd, when I gained the kingdom : The
named Cambyses, son of Cyrus, was king here before
me. This Cambyses had a brother, named Smerdis
(Bardiya), they had the same mother and the same
father. Afterwards, this Cambyses killed Smerdis.
When Cambyses killed Smerdis, the people did not
know, that Smerdis was killed. Then Cambyses went to
Egypt. The people became bad, and many falsehoods
grew up in the provinces, as well in Persia, as in Media,
as in the other lands. And then a man, a Magian, named
(Jomates, from Pasargada," near the mount named Ara-
kadris, there he arose. On the 14th day of the month
Viyakhna,' thus he arose : To the people he told lies, and

' Pasarfrada, in Persian Puisiiirunuila, literally, Valley of Sources, a spot
near Uarabdjerd, in the South-east of Karsistan, where exist till now the
ruins of the fortress which enclosed the tomb of Cyrus. I explained myself
on this question in the Journal jlsialique, 1S72, T. xix., p. 54S. Pesiachada
is not accompanied by the word hise, " named," it was therefore a very
well known place.

Murghabwith its tomb cannot be possibly the Pasarffadaof the ancients,
and the monument of Murg-hab is not the tomb of Cyrus. It is on the
same river as Pcrsepolis, on the Araxes, while Pasargada was situated on
the river Cyrus, which goes into the Persian Gulf.

Moreover, the monument now seen at Murghab, and named "Throne of
the Mother of Suleiman," is surely the tomb of a woman. No archaeolo-
gist can be uncertain on this point, as the same difference, now observed
in the East, between the flat or round covers of men's sepulchres, and the
covers of female tombs in form of a gable-roof, is to be found in the royal
tombs of Hersepolis. The modern inhabitants of Persia have not been
mistaken on that subject. But the construction of the Murghab monu-
ments is due to Cyrus, whose inscriptions exist there; it was the ancient
Marrhasion. I therefore consider it as almost certain that the monument,
often erroneously styled the tomb of Cyrus, although already Lassen
suggested judicious remarks against that opinion, is in fact the sepulchre
of kassandana, the beloved wife of Cyrus, mother of Cambyses. Compare
Her. II.

' The month of Viyakhna is the Assyrian Adar, March. On the suppo-
sition, that the Persians had a solar year, commencing with the vernal
equinox, falling at the epoch of Darius, March 22 Gregorian, March 23

90 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

said : " t am Smerdis, the son of Cyrus, the brother of
Cambyses." Then all the people revolted from Cam-
BYSES, went over to him, and the Persians, and the
Medes, and the other nations. He seized the kingdom.
On the gth day of the month Garmapada' he took the
royalty from Cambyses. Then Cambyses '' died, killing
himself.

1 1 And Darius the King says : Of this my kingdom the
Magian Gomates had deprived Cambyses, this kingdom
had belonged to our race since the most ancient times.
Now, Gomates the Magian, deprived Cambyses as
well of the Persians, as of the Medians, as of the other
nations, he did according to his own will, and seized the
royalty over them.

12 And Darius the King says : There was neither a man in
Persia, nor a Median, nor any one of our race who would
have dispossessed Gomates the Magian of the kingdom.
The people feared him utterly. He killed many people
who had known the fonner Smerdis. He killed many
persons for the following reason, thinking : " May they
not acknowledge me, that I am not Smerdis, son of
Cyrus ? " And nobody dared to say about Gomates
the Magian, any thing whatever, until I came. And I
prayed to Ormazd. Ormazd was my helper. By the
grace of Ormazd, on the loth day of the month of
Bagayadis,' then accompanied by a few men, I killed

Julian, 14th of the Viyakhna would be the Gth or the 12th of March, 522,
or 9,479, in adding- io,ODO years to the Christian era. I have adopted this
way of computation in order to prevent the inconvenience of the negative
numbers.

^ If Garmapada is August as it is probable, the loth Garmapada would
coincide with the end of July.

^ Cambyses killed himself. A suicide is evidently in the thought of
Darius, and by no means an accident. His mother was Kassandana,
Persian Kaiandaiia, with the swan's neck, de kaiandti, swan.

^ Bagayadis must be the Nisan ; the Assyrian coincidence is lost. As
Garnapada, "the time of the heat," must be July — August, or Ab, the
Magian reigned just seven months, as says Herodotus, who adds many

BEHISTUN INSCRIPTION. 9I

GoMATEs the Majian, and with him the men who were
his principal adherents. There is a fortress, named
Sikhyuvatis,' in the country called Nisaea, in Media ;
there I killed him, I dispossessed him of the royalty, by
the grace of OR:\rAZD, I had the kingly power, Ormazd
gave to me the royalty.
13 And Darius the King says : The kingdom which had
been robbed from our race, I restored it. I put again in
its place. As it had been before me, thus I did. I re-
established the temples of the gods which Gomatks the
Magian had destroyed, and I reinstituted, in favour of
the people, the calendar and the holy language, and
I gave back to the families what Gomates the Magian
had taken away. And I replaced (the) people in their
ancient state, as well the Persians, as the Medians, as
the other nations, just as they had been before. I restored

details, more or less credible. Rut the first arising of the Magian amounts
still until midst of March, 14 Viyakhna, 522 n.c. 9,479.

In taking as a base the now existing commencement of the Persian year,
at the spring's equinox, we would have for the dates :

First revolt of the Magian . . 4 March 522 ; 9,479
Real accession to the royal power i August 522; 9,479

Death of the Magian ... 2 April 521 : 9.4S0

' The name of the spot where the Magian was killed, is Cikhyuvatis
not Cikhthwatis. The character 7/ has been taken for th. Here the state-
men t of Darius proves a minor error of Herodotus, who says that the
Pseudo-Smerdis was killed at Susa. But the Father of History is right, in
speaking of the love that all people, except the Persian, had towards the
Magian, who had retired to Media.

1 he revolt of the first Pseudo-Smerdis was not only the rebellion of an in-
dignant impostor, who took only the name of Smerdisfor his proper purposes.
It was an attempt to restore the ancient Median dynasty and to abate the
faith of Zoroaster, reigning since the accession of Cyrus, 560. The
Magian changed the calendar, I think l,i;aithu the world) and the language
mnniyat or the faith, which Darius restored " for the sake of the people "
(Persian karahya ahcaris. Median Dassuminina jiutas). Darius restored
the temples of the gods which Gomates had destroyed. It was therefore a
political and religious revolution.

There is a difficulty which nobody, I think, suggested. How is it possible
that the son Smerdis should have abolished all that his father, Cyrus, had
established ? At least, the Magian borrowed the name of the son of Cyrus.
It was therefore only a measure to take possession of the kingly power
under a pretext, and to throw otf the mask, when he believed that he could
do so without any danger.

92 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

what had been robbed. By the grace of Ormazd, thus I
did ; I made great efforts, until I estabHshed again our
house in its state, as it had been before ; and thus I made
my efforts, by the grace of Ormazd, as if Gomates the
Magian had never dispossessed our family.

14 And Darius the King says : This had been done by
me, after I seized the kingdom.

1 5 And Darius the King says : When I killed Gomates
the Magian, then a Susian, named Assina," son of Um-
badaranma, rose in Susiana and said : " I have the
kingdom over the Susians.'' Then the Susians revolted
from me and went over to this Assina, and he had the
kingdom over the Susians. And also a man, named
NidinTabel,' a Babylonian, son of Ainairi, he arose in
Babylon, and spoke thus to the people, lying : " I am
Nebuchadnezzar, son of Nabonidus." Then all the
people of the Babylonians went over to this Nidintabel.
Then the Babylonians made defection, and he seized the
kingly power over the Babylonians.

16 And Darius the King says : Then I sent an ambassa-
dor to the Susians. This Assina was taken, bound and
brought to me : then I killed him.

1 7 And Darius the King says : Then I marched against
Babylon, against this Nidintabel, who said : " I am
Nebuchadnezzar." The army of this Nidintabel was

^ The name of the man is in Babylonian Asina, and is Aryanized to
Athrina; his father called himself Upadar(an)ma in Persian, m Median
Hum-badaranma ; this is also the g'enuine form, and in the inscriptions of
Assurbanhabal occurs the Susian name Umbadara.

' Nidintabel was, according to Darius, the real name of the false
Nebuchadnezzar, second son of Nabonidus. The first son, Belshazzar
(Belsarmor) was probably viceroy in some other part of Chaldsea, durincf
the reign of Cyrus, and in the same time as his father Nabonidus. He
was superseded by the famous Darius the Mede, who was probably a
satrap of the Persian kincf, Daniel says that " he was put to govern,"
which does not seem to indicate an Independent royalty.

BEHISTUN INSCRIPTION. 93

ranged on the river, named Tigris.' It occupied the
banks of the Tigris, and was massed on ships. Then my
army was divided into small groups. The one 1 put on
camels, the other I made ride on horseback." Ormazd
brought help to me, by the grace of Ormazd we crossed
the Tigris. There I killed the army of this Nidintabel.
On the 26th day of the month Athriyadiya, then it was
that we fought the battle, then I killed a great quantity
of people.

18 And Darius the King says : Then I went to Babylon.
I had not yet arrived under (the walls) of Babylon, when,
at the town named Zazana, on the bank of the Euphrates,'
Nidintabel who said : "I am Nebuchadnezzar " went
against me, with his army, in order to fight a battle.
Ormazd brought help to me, by the grace of Ormazd I
destroyed the army of this Nidintabel. It was on the
second day of the month of Anamaka that we delivered
thus the battle. I killed a great deal of the army of this
Nidintabel, and I made them fly into the river ; in this
river they were drowned.

19 And Darius the King says : Then Nidintabel fled
with a few horsemen and reached Babylon. Then I

' Remark the expression, the river named Tigris, which is neither in the
Persian, nor in the Assyrian text, and which denotes that the spot where
the language was spoken was far away from the stream.

" The Median text, as in many other instances, gi\-es the real sense of
the Persian original, which was misunderstood equally by the magnificent,
but unprogressive, work of Kossowiz. The Persian has, aniyatn usaiarim
afrunavam, aniyakyd at^-am patii/unayan, alium camelo-portatum feci, alii,
equum adduxi.

' The name of the Tigris is Tigra, and that of the Euphrates Upralo,
the Persian iffratu. The spot where Darius crossed the Tigris must be
between Mossul and Bagdad, as he arrived from the North-cast. He
found on the Tigris the Babylonian troops, and it is very probable that he
turned them.and crossed the river far from the positions of Nidintabel, whom
he defeated on the Mesopotamian side. From thence he marched through
Mesopotamia, and beat the enemies, six daysafterAvards, on the Euphrates.

'i"he battle of the Tigris took place, in anticipating the Gregorian
calendar, iSth of December, 521; 9,480. The battle of Zazanna took
place 24th of December, 521 ; 9,480.

94 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

marched against Babylon. By the grace of Ormazd,
I took also Babylon/ as I made captive Nidintabel. I
killed this Nidintabel in Babylon.

^ The capture of Babylon took place only twenty months afterwards,
which Darius does not state. But the authority of Herodotus is splendidly
corroborated by the very dates of the Behistun inscription, which we shall
presently prove.

BEHISTUN INSCRIPTION. 95

COLUMN II.

20 And Darius the King says : WTiilst I was at Babylon,
these provinces rebelled against me : Persia, and the
Susians, and the Medes, and Ass>Tia, and the Egyptians,"
and the Parthians, and the Margians, and Sattagj'dia, and
the Saces.

2 1 And Darius the King says : A man, named Martiya,
son of Issainsakris,' dwelled in the town named Kugan-
naka, in Persia. He arose among the Susians, and lied
thus to the nations, saying : "I am I.mmannes, King of
the Susians." And I was just friendly to the Susians, and
the Susians feared me, seized this Marti va, who called
himself their Chief, and killed him.

22 And Darius the King says; A man named Phra-
ORTES, he arose among the Medes, lied to the people and
said thus : " I am Sattarriita,' from the offspring of
Vak-istarra."* Then the Median people who dwelt in
houses, rebelled against me, went 'Over to him : he exer-
cised the kingly power over the Medians. The Persian

' The Median text states that the Fp-yptians re\'oIted, the Persian and
Babylonian texts are lost. The Behistun inscription in its first redaction
does not mention this, neither the rebellion ot the Sattagydes and the
Saces. The Saces' revolt only is treated in the supplementary Persian
column. There arc some Median tablets at Behistun which have never
been copied.

' Issainsakris is a real Susian name, which the Persians Aryanized to
Cincikhri, which was perhaps a nick-name, and chanj^^ed in order to
ridicule it. It may mean, "seller of small things." The Susian true
name may signify '* son of value." Isian is to be found in the Susian te.xt of
Sutruknakhunti'.

^ The name of Sattarritta is the true Median one, and by no means an
alteration of the Aryanization, Khsathrita, which would have been tran-
scribed in Median, Iksatrita, as Khsayarsa becomes Iksersa, Xer.xes. This
form of Sattarritta is very important, because it proves also the inde-
pendence of the Median names, and the true character of the dynasty of
this land.

* Cyaxares, Assyrian Uvtihislai; Persian i'vakhsatara. The Median
words signify "lance-caster," "lance-bearer," Persian Ar^ltlar't, the
.\stibaras of Ctesias.

96 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

and Median people, which was mine, was small. Then
I sent an army to Media. The named Hydarnes, a
Persian, my subject, I made him the Chief of these troops.
I said so to them : "Go, slay the troops of the Medes, who
do not call themselves my slaves." Then Hydarnes
went to Media with the anny. When he reached Media,
there was a town, named Maru, in Media, there they
fought the battle. The Chief of the Medians did not even
resist a little, Ormazd brought help to me, by the grace
of Ormazd my army slew a great number of the army of
tlie rebels. It was the 27th day of the month of Ana-
maka ' when they delivered thus the battle. Then my
army did nothing else; in the province named Kampanda,
in Media, there it remained until I came to Media.
23 Darius the King says : The named Dadarsis, an
Armenian my subject, I sent him to Armenia. Thus I
said to him : " Go, the troops of the rebels do not call
themselves my subjects, slay them. Then Dadarsis
marched. When he reached Armenia, the rebels assem-
bled and marched against Dadarsis. They would deliver
a battle. Dadarsis fought the battle with them. There

' Phraortes, or Sattarritta, was really king" of Media, and the Susian
revolt took place, like all the others, while Darius " was at Babylon."
Hydarnes defeats the army the 27th of Anamaka, but that is evidently not
25 days after the battle of Zazanna on the Euphrates, but only a year
afterwards. For it would have been impossible to have the news of the
revolt of Media in the capital Rhages, at Babylon, in 25 days; moreover,
Phraortes ought to have established his royal power throughout all Media
in this very short time. On the contrary, there was a certain interval
during which Phraortes was uncontested king of Media. And this man
was mighty enough, as to hold in breath three generals of Darius, because
Hydarnes was really defeated in the battle of Kampanda.

It would have been a very awkward victory, where the victors were
obliged to retrograde, because Hydarnes, obliged to stay in Media, had his
successor in Dadarsis, who had not to fight in Media, from whence the
Persian had been expelled, but in Armenia where the Median had pro-
pelled their attack. Dadarsis after three battles fought in May and June,
519, 9,482, was obliged to remain in Armenia. A third general of Darius,
Omises, defeated in Assyria in December 519 B.C.; 9,482, and May
518 B.C. ; 9,483, and after these victories he was equally obliged to support
the arrival of Darius in Media.

BEHISTUN INSCRIPTION. 97

is a fortress, named Zuza, in Armenia, there Ormazd
brought help to me. By the grace of Ormazd my army
slew a great many of the troops of the rebels. It was the
8th day of the month of Thuravahara, when they fought
thus the battle. And for the second time, the rebels
assembled and marched against Dadarsis, they would
deliver a battle. There is a fort named Tigra, fn
Armenia, there they fought the battle. Dk.mazd brought
help to me, by the grace of Ormazd my army slew a
great number of the troops of the rebels ; it was the i8th
day of the month of Thuravahara, that they fought thus
the battle. And for the third time, the rebels assembled
and marched against Dadarse.s ; they would deliver a
battle. There is a fort, named Uhyama, in Armenia,
there they delivered the battle. Ormazd brought help to
me, by the grace of Ormazd my army slew a great num-
ber of the troops of the rebels. It was the 9th day of the
month of Thaigarchis, when they fought the battle. And
afterwards Dadarsis did nothing else, but waited on me,
until I came to Media.
24 And 1 )arius the King says : The named Omises, a
Persian, my subject, I sent him to Armenia, and I said so
to him : " Go, the troops of the rebels do not obey me,
slay them." Then Omises marched. When he reached
Armenia, the rebels assembled and marched against
Omises. They would deliver a battle. There is a town,
named Issidus in Assyria," there they fought the battle.
Ormazd brought help to me, by the grace of Ormazd my
army slew a great number of the troops of the rebels.
It was the 9th day of the month of Anamaka, when they
fought the battle. And for the second time, the rebels

' 1 am not aware of the quotation in Assyrian monuments of Issidus.
But why was the battle fouj.ht in Assyria ? Because, very likely, the royal
troops, after a not-mentioned disaster in Armenia, had been pushed back-
wards to Assyria.

VOL. vn. 8

98 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

assembled and marched against Omises, they would
deliver a battle. Then in a locality, named Autiyams,
there they fought the battle. Ormazd brought help to
me, by the grace of Ormazd my army slew a great num-
ber of the troops of the rebels. It was on the end of the
month of Thuravahara, when they fought the battle.
Afterwards Omise.s remained in Armenia, until I went to
Media.
25 And Darius the King says : Then I left Babylon," and
went to Media. When I reached Media, there is a town,
named Kundurrus, there arrived this Phraortes who
said : " I exercise the kingly power over the Medians," in
order to fight a battle. Then we fought the battle.
Ormazd brought help to me, by the grace of Ormazd I
slew a great number of the troops of this Phraortes. It
was on the 25 th day of the month of Adukanis,' that we
fought the battle. Then this Phraortes fled with a few
horsemen, and went to Rhagae : then I sent there my
troops. Here he was seized and brought before me. I
cut off his nose, his tongue and his ears, and I stung out
his eyes.' He was held chained in my court. All the
people saw him. And afterwards I put him on the cross
at Ecbatana. And the men who had been his principal

' Darius left Babylon after the defeats of three of his generals. He
put into pieces the army of Phraortes, in the month of Adukannas,
probably the Tammuz or June-July, 51S B.C. ; 9,483. He could therefore
dispose about his person only two years and more after the battle of
Zazanna ; therefore Herodotus is quite e.xactin mentioning the long siege of
Babylon, and Darius, although he does not state this fact expressly, is un-
able to deny the consequences of his own record.

° Probably the Tammuz, or June-July.

"^ This atrocious treatment is only applied to two captives, both guilty
to have revived the remembrance of the Median Dynasty, to which
Cith rantakhma may have belonged. The translation, " I stung out his eyes,"
is proved by the Persian eakbsma avaxam, and the execution of the Median
chiefs is related with more circumstances in the Median text.

It is known that the name of Rhagae Is accompanied in the other versions
by the words "a country in Media," which is wanting in the Median text.
This is one of the evidences for attributing the second system's language
to the inhabitants of Media.

BEHISTUN INSCRIPTION. 99

adherents, I cut off their heads in the citadel of Ecbatana,
and I hung them up within.

26 And Darius the King says : A man named Cithra-
TAKHMA," a Sagartian, revolted against me, and spoke
thus to the people, lying : " I exercise the kingly power,
I descend from the race of Vak-istarra." Then I dis-
patched my Persian and Median troops. A Mede, named
Takmaspada, my subject, I appointed him Chief, and
I spoke thus : " The troops of the rebels do not obey
me, slay them utterly." Then Takhmaspada marched
with the army, to fight a battle with this Cithratakhma.
Ormazd brought help to me : by the grace of Ormazd
my army slew a great number of the troops of the
rebels, and this Cithratakhma was taken, and brought
before me. I cut off his nose, and his ears, and stung
out his eyes. He was held chained in my palace, all the
people saw him. Afterwards I put him on the cross in
the city named Arbela.

27 And Darius the King said : This is what I did in
Media.

28 And Darius the King says : The Parthians and
Hyrcanians revolted against me, and called themselves
subjects of Phraortes. Hvstaspes my father was in
Parthia, and the troops abandoned him and revolted.
And then Hvstaspes went out with the army. There is
a town, Hyspaozatis, in Parthia, there he fought a battle
with the rebels. Ormazd brought help to me, by the
grace of 0rma2D the army of Hvstaspes slew a great
number of the troops of the rebels. It was on the 22nd
day of the month of Viyakhna, when they fought the
battle.

29 And Darius the King says : Then I sent my Persian
army from Rhagae to Hvstaspes. When these troops

■ Tritantaechmes.

8*

lOO RECORDS OF THE PAST.

reached Hvstaspes, Hystaspes went out accompanied
by these troops. There is a town, named Patigrabbana
in Parthia, there they fought the battle. Ormazd brought
help to me, by the grace of Ormazd the army of Hy-
staspes slew a great number of the troops of the rebels.
It was on the ist day of the month of Garnapada,' that
they fought the batric.

30 And Darius the King says : After\vard the province
remained mine. This is what I did in Parthia.

3 1 And Darius the King says : The province named
Margiana, revolted against me. A man, named Phraates,'
they took him for their King. Then I sent as messenger
to a man, named Dadarses, a Persian, my subject, who
had the satrapy of Bactria, and I said : " Go, the people
of the rebels do not obey to me, slay them utterly.''
Then Dadarses went with the army. The Margians
fought a battle against him. Ormazd brought help to
me, by the grace of Ormazd my army slew a great
number of the troops of the rebels. It was on the 23rd
day of Athriyadiya, when we fought the battle.

32 And Darius the King says : Afterwards the land
remained mine. This is what I did in Bactria.

' The Parthian revolt must have lasted more than one year. At the
battle of Vispauatis Phraortes existed still, it was therefore not later than
March, d.c. 51S; 9,483. The battle of Patigrabbana took place only when
Darius had taken Rhages, as he sent from this town auxiliaries to his father.
Now this could not be before the 25th of Avakanas (July), when he gained
the battle of Kundarus. The date of thebattleof Patigrabbana is the ist
Garnapada, six days after the former date; the Garnapada of the battle is
consequently the end of July, B.C. 517; 9,484. Darius remained therefore
a long time at Rhagae, in order to complete the submission of Media.

■' Frada, modern Ferhad,

BEHISTUN INSCRIPTION.

COLUMN III.

22 And Darius the King says : There was a man, named
Oeosdates," who dwelt in the town named Tarava, in
(the district) of lutia, in Persia. He arose for the
second time in Persia, speaking to the people, and says :
"I am Smerdis, the son of Cyrus." Then the Persian
people, who lived in houses, and who returned from the
plains, made defection from me, went over to him ; he
exercised the kingly power in Persia.

34 And Darius the King says : And the people who were
not dwelling in houses, had not revolted against me.
These, and the Persians and Medians, many who were
mine, I dispatched them. A Persian, named Arta-
BARDIVA, my subject, I appointed him to be their Chief.
And another Persian army went to Media after me. Then
Artabardiya with his army, marched against Persia.
When he arrived in Persia at a place, named Rakha in
Persia, there this Oeosdates who said : " I am Smerdis,"
went against Artabardiya, in order to fight a battle.
And then they fought the battle. Ormazd brought help
to me, by the grace of Ormazd my army slew a great

' The second Pseudo-Smerdis called himself Vahyazdata, "Created by
Vahyaz," t.c. Ormazd : he has the same name as the tenth son of Haman, in
the book of Hsther, Vlzata. He dwelt in Tarava, pen. Taravana, which is the
Tarun of our days, in Kerman or Laristan. All the battles were fought in
this country. Paraga is certainly the modern Forg^. In this spot was also
Pasarpada, Paisiiiauvada, whereto fled the vanquished rebel, some days
from Forg, near Darabdjard. The impostor was killed in Uvadai6aya, as
the Persian text has, the Audedj of our days.

The Median word for house is Ummani,^nd that gives the signification
of the Susian word, which occurs so very often in the Susian texts. The
Persian inhabitants seem to have been with Darius.

The 6th of Garnapada, date of the battle of Forg, can only be the 2Sth
of J"ly> 5'7 n-c-; 9.4^4-

I02 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

number of the troops of Oeosdates. It was on the 1 2th
day of the month of Thuravahara, when they fought the
battle. And then Oeosdates with a few horsemen fled
to Pasargada. From thence he started, and marched
another time against Artabardiya, in order to fight a
battle. There is a town (a mountain),' named Paraga,
there they fought the battle. Ormazd brought help to
me, by the grace of Ormazd my army slew a great num-
ber of the troops of this Oeosdates. It was on the 6th
day of the month of Garmapada when they delivered thus
the battle, and they took this Oeosdates, and the men
who had been his principal followers, they took them
also.

35 And Darius the King says ; Then I hanged this
Oeosdates and the men, who had been his principal
followers, in the town named Uvadechaya.'

36 And Darius the King says : This is what I did in
Persia.

37 And Darius the King says : This Oeosdates who had
said : " I am Smerdis," had dispatched troops to Ara-
chosia, and he had appointed a man to be their Chief A
Persian, named Vivana, my subject had the satrapy of
Arachosia ; against him he sent troops speaking thus :
" Go, defeat Vivana, and the troops who obey the
King Darius.'' Then this army of Arachosia, which
Oeosdates had dispatched, marched against Vivana.
There is a fortress named Kapissakanis, in Arachosia,
there they fought the battle. Ormazd brought help to
me, by the grace of Ormazd my army slew a great num-
ber of the troops of the rebels. It was on the 13th of the
month of Anamaka, when they fought thus the battle.

' The Persian has mountain, the translations simply country. The name
exists today, it is the city of Forg.

' Badly written until now Uvadaidaya.

BEHISTUN INSCRIPTION. I03

And for a second time, the rebels assembled to fight
against Vivana. There is a district called Gandumava,'
there they fought the battle. Ormazd brought help to
me, by the grace of Ormazd my troops slew a great
number of the troops of the rebels. It was on the 7th
day of Viyakhna, that they fought thus the battle. And
then the man, whom Oeosdates had appointed to be the
Chief of the rebels, fled away with a few horsemen. There
is a fortress named Arsada, in Arachosia, the satrapy
irmali'' of Vivana, there he retired. There Vivana
marched on his pursuing towards him, and he took there
the man who had been made the Chief of the troops, and
the men who were his principal followers, and killed
them.

38 And Darius the King, says : Afterwards the land
remained mine own. This is what I did in Arachosia.

39 And Darius the King says : While I was in Persia and
Media, a second time the Babylonians revolted. A man,
named Arakha, an Armenian, son of Haldita, arose in
the town, named Dubala,' in Babylonia. From thence
coming, he lied in speaking thus to the people : " I am
Nebuchadnezzar, son of Nabonidus." And now the

' The name is Gandumava, and not Gandutara : Sir Henry Rawlinson's
assimilation to Gandum is corroborated by the Median text.

The battle of Kapisakanis, probably " hunt of apes," Is in December,
517 D.c. ; 9,484. The battle of Gandum therefore cannot be earlier than
the month of March of 516 n.c; 9,484: six years after the Margian's revolt.

' The word irnui/i is not translated in the Persian text.

' The name of Haldita is ascertained in the Median, it shows the error
of all former interpreters, amongst whom I am myself, that the old Persian
had no /, what was difficult to be believed, as the same words who have
an / in Sanscrit, have also conserved that letter in modern Persian. The
Babylonian Dubala is still ixistinc;, it is called Dibleh. The Median texts
complete the record of the second Babylonian revolt, mutilated in the
Persian and Babylonian texts. With respect to the name of the month,
the Persian is lost ; as the m and the v have only one expression in the
Sumerian scripture, there would be some doubt if the word is yarkazana,
"killing- of wolves," or Mar/razana, "breeding of birds." We accept the
latter. As the Assyrian equivalent is lost, the place of this month is
uncertain.

104 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

people of Babylonia revolted against me, and went over
to this Arakha. And he took possession of Babylon,
and exercised the kingly power in Babylon. And then I
sent my army against the Babylonians. A Mede, named
Intaphernes," I made him Chief of the troops and I said
so to them : " Go and defeat the Babylonian people
which does not obey me." And Intaphernes marched
with the army against Babylon. Ormazd brought help to
me, by the grace of Ormazd the anny of Intaphernes
captured Babylon, and slew a great number of men. It
was on the 22 nd day of the month of Margazana, when
this Arakha, who said : "I am Nebuchadnezzar," was
taken, and the men who were his principal followers, were
taken also and chained. I ordered : "Arakha and the men
who are his principal followers, shall be put on the cross."

40 And Darius the King says : This is what I did in
Babylon.

41 And Darius the King says : This what I have done, I
did it always by grace of Ormazd. This I did : I fought
nineteen battles by the gi'ace of Ormazd, I defeated the
armies. I took nine kings :

One, named Gaumata the Magian, who lied and said :
" I am Smerdis, the son of Cyrus," he caused the revolt
of Persia.

And a Susian, named Assina, who caused the revolt of
Susians, and said : " I exercise the kingly power over the
Susians."

And a Babylonian, named Nidintabel, lied and said ;
" I am Nebuchadnezzar, son of Nabonidus," he caused
the revolt of the Babylonians.

And a Persian, named Mar'jtya, he lied and said : " I
am Immannes, King of the Susians," he caused the revolt
of the Susians.

' This Intaphernes is not the same person as the first of the conjurors.

BEHISTUN INSCRIPTION. T05

And a Mede, named Phraortes, who lied and said :
" I am Sattarritta, of the race of Vak-istarra," he
caused the revolt of the Medians.

And a Sagartian, named Cithrantakhma, who lied
and said : " I exercise the kingly power, I am of the race
of Vak-istarra," he caused the revolt of the Sagartians.

And a Margian, named Frada, who lied and said : " I
exercise the kingly power over the Margians," and he
caused the revolt of the Margians.

And a Persian, named Oeosdates, who lied and said :
" I am Smerdis, son of Cyrus," and he caused the revolt
of Persia.

And a Babylonian, who lied and said : " I am Nebu-
chadnezzar, son of Nabonidus," who caused the revolt
of the Babylonians.

42 And Darius the King says : These are the nine '
kings whom I took in the battles.

43 And Darius the King says : ' These are the provinces
which revolted. The demon of the lie excited them to
rebellion, that these provinces revolted. And afterwards
Ormazd gave them unto my liand, and what was my will,
was executed by them.

44 And Darius the King says : Thou, O King, who wilt
be in future, who is friend, protect him always : the man
who lies, always punish him severely. If thou sayest : "So
it may be," then my land will stand for ever.

45 And Darius the King says : That which I have done,
I have done it at every time by the grace of Ormazd. And
thou, who in future days shalt peruse this tablet, which I

' Nine kings. There are ten on the rock ; the image of the Sacian
Iskunka has been made in the rock after the finish of the first translation.

" We can say, that the great part of the Persian texts, in all its details,
has been made out only after the final interpretations of the Median trans-
lation, and all gaps have been filled up. There were a great number of
passages which were badly read and entirely misunderstood.

Io6 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

made, believe that which is written in this tablet, and do
not say : "They are lies.''

46 And Darius the King says : May I die as a Maz-
daean,' as this is true. I never uttered a lie in all my
life.

47 And Darius the King says : ' By the grace of Ormazd,
I have elsewhere made many things, which therefore are
not written in this tablet. Therefore they are not written.
He who will peruse in future days this tablet, let him not
think that these things (which are related here) are ex-
aggerated, let him not be incredulous, let him not say :
" That is falsehood."

48 And Darius the King says : The Kings whoever pre-
ceded me, while they lived, have never done any thing
like that, which I did by the grace of Ormazd in all my
life.

49 And Darius the King says : And now, believe thou,
what I have done. Say : " It is so," ' and do not contest it.
And if thou dost not contest this record, and if thou
sayest it to the people, Ormazd may be thy friend, and
mayest thou have offspring, and mayest thou live for long
time. And if thou contest this record, and shalt not tell
it to the people, Ormazd will kill thee, and also thou shalt
not have any offspring.

50 And Darius the King says : That which I have done I

^ Highly important, the Median ankirine Oramazdara, proves that the
only possible way to read the two Persian letters \va.nting, is /I uramazda
{ya a) tiijaiijy " may 1 die a Mazdean," and not " Ormazd be ray witness,"
as others presumed.

' The clause 47 has been wrongly interpreted; Darius has not written
all, because he made other monuments. As it is not written here, people may
not think it be false. I'hat is the very simple sense of the phrase. Here
is the Persian clause

Malya hi/a aparam imam dipim patipari^atiy, avahya paruva thacayatiy,
tya mana kartam naiaam varnavutly dtirukhtani maniyhtiy.

" Ne ille qui postea istam tabulam leget, ei nimis videaur quod ego feci
(ne) id ei incredile appareat, ne dicat; mendacium."

^ The Persian had : avathd mdniya. " Ita sit *' die.

BEHISTUN INSCRIPTION. I07

have done it in all my life by the grace of Ormazd.
Ormazd, the god of the Arians, brought help to me, and
the other gods who exist.

51 And Darius the King says: Therefore Ormazd, the
god of the Arians,' brought help to me, as well as the
other gods, because I was not a wicked man, nor a liar,
nor a violent tyrant, neither I, nor my family. I reigned
according to the Divine Law, and have committed no
violence against the lawful man nor against the Judge.
The man who worked for our house, I have cherished
him, and the man who sinned, I utterly destroyed him I
have committed no violence against any gallant man.

52 And Darius the King says: Thou who shall reign in
future times, never be friend to the man who lies, but also
do not injustice to any body.

53 And Darius the King says : Thou who in future wilt
see this tablet, which I have written, as well as these
images, do not destroy them. As long as thou canst '
preserve them as they are. And if thou wilt see these
tablets, and these figures, and do not injure them, and pre-
serve them as they are, as long as thou canst, Ormazd
may be friend to thee, and mayest thou have an offspring,
and mayest thou live a long life, and all that thou shalt

' The clause 51 is equally of a very great importance. The Persian
affords us the true origin of the word Avesla. It is Abasia, the Divine Law ;
it is explained by the Assyrian kinal, the laws. The Persian has: apariy
al'aslam iiparii/di/am, " subter lepem regebam." Naii/ ukunm hq!^
dmvaqlam xaura akunavam, " non in bonum non justum violentiam feci ; '
in Median: iniie Ihbakra, inne Istukra appaiiloikkimmas India. Moreover,
the clause, "crod of the Arians," is only to be read in the Median version,
and in the Persian form Ariyanam, instead of the Median Hariuafinna.
Darius addressed this epithet specially to the true Median of Turanian
offspring, and therefore he insisted upon the Arian mythology. The
antagonism of Arians and Medes is already mentioned by Herodotus
vii., 62, who states that the Medes were formerly called Arians.

' The following clauses differ also greatly from the adopted Persian
translations : 1/""'' taitmolaiy ahaliy, has been translated, "as long as thou
hast offspring," instead of " as long as thou canst," taula, from the Persian
tu, tuvanisien.

Io8 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

do, Ormazd will increase it. And if thou destroy these
tablets and those images, and dost not preserve them,
Ormazd may kill thee, and thou mayest not have any
offspring, and whatever thou doest, Ormazd will pro-
nounce his curses on it.

54 And Darius the King says : '

Intaphernes by name, son of Oeospares, a Persian,
and Otanes by name, son of Sochres, a Persian,
and Gobrvas, by name, son of Mardonius, a Persian,
and Hydarnes, by name, son of Megabignes, a Persian,
and Megabyzus by name, son of Dadyes, a Persian,
and Ardumanes, by name, son of Ochus, a Persian,'
these men accompanied me, when I killed Gomates the
Magian, who said : " I am Smerdis, son of Cyrus."
And henceforth these men were my companions. Thou,
who wilt be King in future times, protect ahvays that sort
of men.

55 And Darius the King says:-* I have made also else-

' The last parag^raph, containing' the names of the six conspirators, is of
a great historical value, and the Median text gives valuable hints to the
restoration. It is known that the said Ardumanes is replaced in Herodotus,
by Aspathines; but even this error confirms the veracity of the Father of
History. He was led into the mistake by a Persian, who gave the name of
another favourite of Darius, and whose portrait is figured on the sepulchral
monument of Naksh-i-Rustam. But although he was in a great position
at the court of the Persian monarch, he had not been present at the murder
of the Magian.

' The names of the conspirators are, except one, the same as Herodotus
has mentioned them. Intaphernes* father is not given by the Father of
History; Otanes* father is named Pharnaspes, instead of Sochres, Tlutkhra,
" the splendid " in Persian. Gobryas is also in the Greek writer, the son of
Mardonius, who was the grandfather of the homonj'n, vanquished of
Plataca. The father of Megabyzus, Baf^altik/isa, is in Herodotus Zopyrus,
hardly a true Persian name; Darius calls him Dadtihya, Dadyes, name of
a Persian general in the Persians of Aeschylus.

^ The last paragraph is entirely defaced in the Persian original, except
the word " I have made." I believe it, therefore, to be certain that the
detached text, styled L by Norris, is the translation of this wanting final
clause, which once filled up three lines in the Persian original. The
passage itself is of a first-rate importance, and has been put on the frontis-
piece of the bas-relief, just in opposition to the Median nationality and
taith. The explanation which I gave is sure. There are four things made

BEHISTUN INSCRIPTION. 109

where a book in Aryan language, that formerly did not
exist. And I have made the text of the Divine Law
{Avesta), and a commentary of the Divine Law, and the
prayer, and the translation. And it was written, and I
sealed it. And then the ancient book was restored by me
in all nations, and the nations followed it.

DETACHED INSCRIPTIONS OF BEHISTUN OVER
THE FIGURES OF THE CAPTIVES.

A.
This is GoMATES the Magian, who lied and said : " I
am Smerdis, the son of Cyrus, I exercise the kingly
power.''

B.
This is AssiNA, who lied and said : " I exercise the
kingly power over the Susians."

C.
This is NiDiNTAHEL, who lied and said : " I am Nebu-
chadnezzar, son of Nabonidus, I exercise the kingly
power over the Babylonians."

by Darius : Haduk vkkii, Persian hadiii^am at^astai/tl, the text of the law,

ZU (monogram) iikkii ai-asltiiia, the commentary of the law; the

HI (monogram) Persian tajidi, the prayer; the eppi^ Median word, perhaps
translation.

This ancient bool^, the Avestay was restored by him in all regions.

As the Arian language can only be the Persian, it is evident that the
book made by the king, and whicn did not exist before, is a translation
from the Bactrian text into old Persian. It can be regarded as quite con-
sistent that neither Avesta nor Zend are Zend words, but both occur in the
Persian inscriptions, signifying "law" and "prayer" (comp. iandiyani

" 'j'^y ">■

The word " restore " is the same which, in the history of the Magian,
explains the Persian pati-padam akunavam, " I restored."

We have therefore in the Median text of the Behistun the most ancient
indication alluding to the history of the Zendavesta; and this is not the
least important of the historical informations which we owe to this precious
document.

no RECORDS OF THE PAST.

D.

This is Phraortes, who lied and said : " I am Sat-
TARiTTA, of the offspring of Vak-istarra, I exercise the
kingly power over the Medes."

E.
This is Martiya, who lied and said : " I am Inmanes,
I exercise the kingly power over the Susians."

F.

This is Chithrantakhma, who lied and said : " I am
of the race of Vak-istarra, I exercise the kingly power
over the Sagartians."

G.

This is Oeosdates, who lied and said : " I am Smer-
Dis, the son of Cyrus, I exercise the kingly power."

I.
This is Arakha, who lied and said : " I am Nebu-
chadnezzar, son of Naeonidus, I exercise the kingly
power over the Babylonians."

K.
This is Frada, who lied and said : " I exercise the
kingly power over the Margians.''

M.
This is Iskunka," the Sacian.

' Persian Ckuhkha.

THREE ASSYRIAN DEEDS.

TRANSLATED BV

Dr. JULIUS Ol'I'ERT.

'X'HE commercial and legal deeds belong to the
most difficult class of inscriptions, and have necessarily
required a great deal of study. Sir Henry Rawlinson
first pointed out the importance of these tablets, and
I translated some Babylonian commercial texts in my
pamphlet Sur les Inscriptions Commerciales, 1861. I
also gave a translation of the first juridical text in the
Reviic A)-clu'ologiqnc, 1864.

I am not aware that the Assyrian deeds have ever
been explained in a way that would satisfy a legist ;
some scholars, among whom may be named Mr. Sayce,
have turned their attention to them, several others
examined them merely on account of the most

112 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

curious dates and eponymic names that are to be found
in them. But the real importance of these very
numerous deeds consists in the hght which they will
hereafter throw upon the civilization of Assyria and
Chaldea in general, and the history of legislation in
particular. A great quantity of these documents,
partly unedited, will be soon given with the trans-
literated texts in a work now going through the
press, and published conjointly with my friend,
M. Menant.

113

THREE ASSYRIAN DEEDS.

I.
DEED OF SALE OF A HOUSE,

BELONCINi; TO PHENICIAN OWNERS, WITH EGYPTIAN

WITNESSES.

IF. A. /., HI., pi. 4S, 3-
Nail-mark ' of Sar-ludari, nail-mark of Akhassuru, nail-
mark of the woman Amai-Su'la, wife of Bel-dur, Captain
in the army, owners of the sold house ;
[Four nail-marks.]

A house, well constructed, with its beams and its doors,
situated in the city of Ninevc, near the house of Mannu-ki-
AKHK, near the house of El-ittiya, near the markets.

And has acquired it SiL-AssuR, the Chief, an Egyptian;
for one mina of the King, of sihcr," he has bought it from
Sar-ludari, from Akhassuru, from the woman Amat-Su'la,
wife of the (named) husband.

The price has been definitively fixed, this house has been
paid and bought, the retractation of the contract and the
annulment is not admitted.'

Whosoever, in future, at any time amongst these men (sellers)
will claim before me an annulment of the contract, from Sil-
Assur, shall give 10 mines of silver.*

' The nailmarks are used instead of a seal. ^9 sterling.

' Or in ordinary legal phraseology " this contract shall not hereafter be
retracted or annulled."

VOL. VII. 9

114 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

In the presence of Susanqa, son-in-law of the King, of
Harmaza, Captain, of Rasu, sailor, of Nabu-dur-usur, spy
of strangers, of Harmaza, Chief of the sailors, of Sinsar-
usuR, of Zidqaiu.'

In the month of Sivan, the 26th day, in the eponymy of
Zazai, Governor of Arpad."

Judged before Samas-yukin-akh, before I.muRU, before
Nabu-sum-usur.'

II.
DEED OF THE SALE OF ISRAELITES

BY A PHENICIAN.

W. A. I., III., pi. 49, I.

On the obverse. Seal of Dagan-milki, the owner of the
sold slaves.

[Seal.]

Imannu,* the woman U . ' Melchior, in all three

persons.

And has acquired them Bel-malik-ili, the imigil of the
propriety of the King ; for 3 mines of silver,' each mina
according to the use of the city of Karkamis, he has
bought them from Dagan-milki.

The price has been definitively fixed, these persons have
been paid and bought, the retractation of the contract and
its annulment is not admitted.

Whosoever, in future, at any time, will stand before me,
and invoke me, either Dagan-milki, or his brothers, or his
brothers' sons, or any body of his, or a mighty man, who
would claim from before me the annulment of this contract,
from Bel-malik-ili, his sons, or his grandsons, shall give
10 mines of silver, one mine of gold,' to the goddess Istar

' Sedkia. " B.C. Sgi. ^ See for this tablet, Vol. I., p. 139.

* Heiman. -^ Lacuna. ^ £^1- ' £^A^y ^vith ,^90 silver, j^ 230.

THREE ASSYRIAN DEEDS.

>15

of Arbela. He shall return, with the tenth, the price to the
owners. Then he will get rid of his contract, he has not
sold.

In the presence of Addai, the Chief (;«/7) of Akhiramk,
ditto, of Paqaha," the head of . .', of Nadbiyahu^ (the
great kusu), of Bel-simeani, before Bin-Dikiri, of Tao-
SAR-IsTAR, of Tabni, the Chief, who is possessor of the sum.

In the month of Ab, the 20th day, of the eponymy of
Mannu-ki-assur-lih.'

III.
SALE OF A WOMAN,

BY HK.R FATHER AND HER BROTHERS, TO AN EGYPTIAN LADY,

NAMED NITOCRIS,

IN ORDER TO MARRY HER TO HER SON SIHA.

W. A. /., III., pi. 49, 3.
It will be noticed that there is a special clause
concerning her possible heirs, as the woman had a first
husband. This is a very curious tablet.

Seal of Nabu-rikhti-usur, son of Akhardisk, the
Hasean, who assists in his art Zikar-Istar, in the town
of . . . .', seal of Tebetai, his son, seal of Silim-Assur, his
son, the owners of the sold woman.
[Seals.]

The girl Tavat-hasina, daughter of Nauu-rikhti-usur.

And acquired her Nihti-eqarrau ' for 16 drachmes of
silver," for the sake of Si ha,' for to marry her, she bought
her. She will be the wife of Si ha.

The price was definitively fi.xed.

' The Jewish name Pekah. ' LacunfE.

' Evidently a Jew; the name is found in the Bible.

* B.C. 709. ' Nitocris. ' £2 &s. ' Or, Tachos.

9*

Il6 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

Whosoever, in future, at any time, will stand before me
(the Judge), and will invoke me, either Nabu-rikhti-
USUR, or his sons, or his grandsons, or his brothers, or his
brothers' sons, or his representative, or any body of his, who
would claim before me the annulment of the contract from
Nihti-eqarrau, her sons or her grandsons, shall give ten
mines of silver. Then he shall be free from his contract, he
has not sold.

Sahpimayu, the sailor, Bel-sum-idin, son of Udanani,
Ardu-Tavat, son of Ate, the man ....,' these are the
three heirs of the woman," on account of the fastening the
hands and the tying of the knots' with Kermeoni, who
was the heir.

In the presence of Akhardise, of . .' nipikalantakar,

of Muthumhepu, of Hasba . .,' of ,' of . . ,'

of ,' of . . . .,' of . -V of Ulalai

In the month of Elul, the first day, of the eponymy of
Assur-sadu-saqil.

Judged before Nur-Samas, before Muthumpaiti, before
Ate, before Nabu-idin-akhe, the chief.

^ Lacunae. " Nitocris.

^ Certainly the expression of a ceremony, perhaps the wedding per-
formances.

* Five names lost.

117

ANCIENT BABYLONIAN
MORAL AND POLITICAL PRECEPTS.

TRANSLATED BY

Rev. a. H. SAYCE, M.A.

HTHE tablet translated below is one of those found
by the late Mr. George Smith in the debris of the North
Palace at Kouyunjik. It is an Assyrian copy of an
older Babylonian text which belonged to the period
when Sippara, Nipur or Calnch, and Babylon were
under one government, though Babylon, it would
seem, so far from being the capital was only the third
city of the kingdom. Certain indications in the lan-
guage of the document make it probable that it w as
based on an Accadian original, but in its present form
it belongs to the Semitic period of Babylonian his-
tory. Its contents remind us of the advice tendered
to rulers by Egyptian and Chinese sages, and while

Tl8 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

they bear witness to a strong sense of justice and
obedience to law they plainly assert the responsibility
of the king or magistrate, and his amenability to
divine punishment.

Mr. Smith has given a rendering of the first twenty
lines of the obverse in his Assyrian Discoveries, pp.
410, 41 1 ; the cuneiform text will be found in the
Cuneiform Inscriptions of Westerti Asia, Vol. IV.,
pi. 55.

119

ANCIENT BABYLONIAN
MORAL AND POLITICAL PRECEPTS.

OBVERSE.

1 (If) the King avenges ' not according to law, the people
perish, his country is enfeebled.

2 (If) he avenges not according to the law of his country,
the god Hea, the King of destinies,

3 his destiny changes ' and by another replaces him.

4 (If) he avenges not according to (the wishes of) his
princes, his days are long.

5 (If) he avenges not according to the statutes, his country
knows invasion.

6 (If) he avenges according to the (law) book, the obedience
of the land the King sees.

7 (If) he avenges according to the writing of the god Hea,
the great gods

8 in stability and the praise of justice seat' him.

9 (^f) he smites the son of the city of Sippara and gives
(him to) another, the Sun-god, who judges heaven and
earth,

lo another Judge in his country shall appoint, and a just
Prince and a just Judge instead of unjust ones.

* The verb used here has the same root as the g-oe/ or " blood-avengT;r "
of Job xix. 25.

' Or, " is hostile to."

^ The Assyrian text has the singular instead of the plural here.

I20 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

11 (If) the sons of the city of Nipur for judgment have
thrown themselves (before) him, and he takes gifts and
smites them,

1 2 the god Bel, the Lord of the world, a foreign enemy

13 brings against him and destroys his army ;

14 the Prince and his General in fetters in evil fashion are
bound.

15 (If) the sons of Babylon bring silver and give bribes,'

16 (if) the Judges of the Babylonians preside and to (their)
entreaty turn,

1 7 Merodach, the Lord of heaven and earth, his enemies
over him shall place, and

1 8 (his) goods (and) his treasure to his enemy gives.

1 9 (If) the son of Nipur, of Sippara, (or) of Babylon doeth
this,

20 into prison ' he shall be caused to enter.

21 (If) the sanctuary of a god a place of uncleanness he
makes (or) the city into a citadel heaps up,

22 into the prison he shall be made to enter, a foreign
enemy (the country) enters.

23 (If) Sippara, Nipur and Babylon (as) garrisons^ thou
proclaimest,

24 their soldiers render obedience unto thee.

25 (If) an extortionate tribute the officers appoint unto
them,

26 Merodach, the Prince of the gods, overthrows* the
mighty Prince,

27 his country to his enemy he transfers, and

' Literally, "cause treasure to enter.''

' Literally, " house of watching."

^ The Assyrian is urbi, identical with the 'erev or "mercenaries" of
Jeremiah xxv. 20, which is rendered "ming"led people" by the A. V.
According to Sennacherib, Hezekiah garrisoned Jerusalem with itrl'i.

^ Or, "abhors."

MORAL AND POLITICAL PRECEPTS. 121

28 the soldiers of his country obedience to his enemy yield.

29 Their soldiers Anu, Bel, (and) Hea, the great gods,

30 who inhabit heaven and earth, in their assembly deserters
from them make.

31 (If) the son(.s) of Sippara, of Nipur, and of Babylon,

32 their children to war-horses offering,

33 (let) war-horses upon their children feed,

34 upon the watch the enemy descend,

35 their soldiers are slain, (their) armies and men are
slaughtered,

36 the god of famine (devours) his ' soldiers for food,

37 the face of his soldiers he dismays, and with him he
goes.

38 (Though) the yokes of the oxen they unloose, and

39 the place (of their pasturage) they change,

40 at the waters where they rest he desolates

(them) ;

41 the watch (unawares the enemy) seize.

42 RiMMON, the minister of heaven and earth,

43 the creeping things of his field for want of food causes to
die, and

44 those that are slain the Sun-god bums up.

45 (If) army and (.leneral, the Chief Minister' of the King,

46 (their) full fealty iintnily present,

47 by the command of Hea, King of the abyss,

48 army and General with (a curse) are cursed,

49 their fortress into the stream is tumbled ;

50 afterwards when the wind overthrows (their) deeds, when
to the deep it allots (them),

51 their bonds they break, and this table (of precepts)

52 again will cause them to go forth ; to (their) allegiance it
will (restore) them.

' That is, the king's.

° Literally, " the appointment of the face of the king-."

122 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

53 Nebo, the scribe of Bit-saggal, the enclosure of the
hosts of heaven and earth in the centre of all things,

54 the founder of the sovereignty, the bonds of that country
breaks, and fealty establishes.

55 Whether (he be) Ruler or Priest or General,

56 whoever in Sippara, Nipur and Babylon as Temple
Guardian is appointed,

57 reverence for the temples of the great gods he shall lay
upon them.

58 (If) the great gods are angry and the deities desert their
sanctuaries,

59 he shall not enter into their shrines.

60 (^Colophon. Tablet beginning) : — (If the King according
to) law avenges not, he dies.

61 Palace of Assur-bani-pal, the King of multitudes, the
King of Assyria,

62 to whom Nebo and Tasmit gave broad ears,

63 (and his) seeing eyes regarded the engraved characters
of the tablets ;

64 this writing which none of the Kings that went before
me regarded,

65 the secrets of Nebo, the literature of the library as much
as is suitable,

66 on tablets I wrote, I engraved, I explained, and

67 for the inspection of my subjects in the midst of my
palace I placed.

123

THE REVOLT IN HEAVEN.

TRANSLATED BY

H. FOX TALBOT, F.R.S.

T^HIS curious narrative is found on a cuneiform
tablet in the British Museum. The original text
is published in Plate 42 of Delitzsch's work, Assyrische
Lescstiickc. I gave a translation of it in the Trans-
actions of titc Society of Biblical Arclueology, Vol. IV.,
pp. 349-362.

This tablet describes the revolt of the gods or
angels against their Creator. It seems to have been
preceded by an account of the perfect harmony which
existed in heaven previously. And here I would call

124 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

to mind a noble passage in Job, chap, xxxviii., which
deserves particular attention, since it is not derived
from the Mosaic narrative but from some independent
source, namely, that when God laid the foundations
of the world, " the morning stars sang together, and
all the sons of God shouted for joy." By " the sons
of God " in this passage are to be understood the
angels. In the beginning, therefore, according to this
sacred author, all was joy and harmony and loyalty
to God. But this state of union and happiness was
not to last. At some unknown time, but before the
creation of man, some of the angels ceased to worship
their Creator : thoughts of pride and ingratitude arose
in their hearts, they revolted from God, and were by
his just decree expelled from heaven. These were the
angels of whom it is said in the Book of Jude that
" they kept not their first estate, but left their own
habitation."' The opinions of the Fathers and of
other religious writers on this mysterous subject it
were useless to examine, since they admit that nothing
can be certainly known about it. The opinion that
one third of the heavenly host revolted from their

' Jude G.

THE REVOLT IN HEAVEN. I25

Creator is founded on Rev. xii. 3, where it is said :
" And there appeared a dragon in heaven, having
seven heads .... and his tail drew the third part
of the stars of heaven and did cast them to the earth.
And there was war in heaven. Michael and his angels
fought against the dragon, and the dragon fought and
his angels. And prevailed not : neither was their
place found any more in heaven. And the great
dragon was cast out — he was cast out into the earth
and his angels were cast out with him."

The Revelation of St. John was written in the first
century, but some of the imagery employed may have
been far more ancient, and for that reason more im-
pressive to the religious mind of the age.

The war between Michael and the dragon bears
much resemblance to the combat of Bel and the
dragon recounted on a Chaldean tablet.' And it is
not unworthy of remark that the Chaldean dragon had
seven heads, like that spoken of in the Revelation.'

At the creation harmony had prevailed in heaven.
All the sons of God, says Job, shouted for joy. What

' See G. Smith, p. lOO of his Chaldean Genesis.

' See 2 R 19, col. ii. 14, and my Assyrian Glossary, No. 108.

126 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

caused the termination of this blissful state ? We are
not informed, and it would be in vain to conjecture.
But the Babylonians have preserved to us a remark-
able tradition, which is found in the tablet of p. 42,
and has not, I believe, been hitherto understood. It
is unlike anything in the Bible or in the sacred his-
tories of other countries. While the host of heaven
were assembled and were all engaged in singing
hymns of praise to the Creator, suddenly some evil
spirit gave the signal of revolt. The hymns ceased
in one part of the assembly, which burst forth into
loud curses and imprecations on their Creator. In
his wrath he sounded a loud blast of the trumpet and
drove them from his presence never to return.

127

THE REVOLT IN HEAVEN.

[The first four lines are broken. They related, no doubt, that
a festival of praise and thanksgiving was being held in heaven,
when this rebelUon took place.]

5 The Divine Being spoke three times, the commence-
ment of a psalm.

6 The god of holy songs, Lord of religion and worship

7 seated a thousand singers and musicians: and established
a choral band

8 who to his hymn were to respond in multitudes

9 Witli a loud cry of contempt they broke up his holy
song

10 spoiling, confusing, confounding, his hymn of praise.

1 1 The god of the bright crown ' with a wish to summon his
adherents

12 sounded a trumpet blast which would wake the dead,

13 which to those rebel angels prohibited return,

14 he stopped their service, and sent them to the gods who
were his enemies.'

1 5 In their room he created mankind.'

' The Assyrian scribe annotates in the margin that the same god is
meant throughout, under all these different epithets.

' They were in future to serve the powers of evil.

' It will be observed that line 15 says that mankind were created lo fill
up the void in creation which the unijrateful rebellion of the ang^els had
caused. A friend has supplied me with some striking" evidence that the
mediaeval church also held that opinion, though it was never elevated to
the rank of an authorised doctrine.

128 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

1 6 The first who received Hfe, dwelt along with him.

17 May he give them strength, never to neglect his word,

18 following the serpent's voice, whom his hands had
made.

19 And may the god of divine speech ' e.xpel from his five
thousand ' that wicked thousand

20 who in the midst of his heavenly song, had shouted evil
blasphemies !

21 The god AsHUR, who had seen the malice of those gods
who deserted their allegiance

22 to raise a rebellion, refused to go forth with them.

[The remainder of the tablet (9 or 10 hues more) is too much
broken for translation.]

"* See note i. This is another epithet.

^ The total number of the gods is, I believe, elsewhere given as five
thousand.

129

THE

LEGEND OF THE TOWER OF BABEL.

THASSLATED BY

W. ST. CHAD BOS CAW EN.

'T'HIS legend is found on a tablet marked K 3657,
in the British Museum. The story which the tablet
contains appears to be the building of some great
temple tower, apparently by command of a king.
The gods are angry at the work, and so to put an
end to it they confuse the speech of the builders.
The tablet is in a very broken condition, only a few
lines being in any way complete.

VOL. VII.

10

13° RECORDS OF THE PAST.

The late Mr. George Smith has given a transla-
tion of the legend in his work on Clialdcan Genesis,
and I have published the text and translation in the
fifth volume of Transactions of the Society of Biblical
A rchecology.

131

LEGEND OF THE TOWER OF BABEL.

COLUMN L

I ' them the father.

2 (Tlic thoughts) of his heart were evil

3 ' the father of all the gods ' he turned from.

4 (The thoughts) of his heart were evil '

5 ' Babylon corruptly to sin went and

6 small and great mingled on the mound.*

7 ' Babylon corruptly to sin went and

8 small and great mingled on the mound.

COLUMN IL

1 The King of the holy mound' '

2 In front and Anu hfted up '

3 to the good god his father . . .'

4 Then his heart also '

5 which carried a command '

6 At that time also '

7 he lifted it up '

8 Davkina.

9 Their (work) all day they founded

' Lacuna. " A title of Anu.

' Refers to the Uing who caused the people to sin.
* The verb used here is the same as in Gen. xi. 7, Vl^,
' A title of Anu.
' All these broken lines relate to council of gods ?

10*

132 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

10 to their stronghold ' in the night

1 1 entirely an end he made.

12 In his anger also the secret counsel he poured out

13 to scatter (abroad) his face he set

14 he gave a command to make strange their speech '

15 . . . .' their progress he impeded

16 Mhe altar

[Column III is so broken, only a few words remain, so I have
omitted it.]

COLUMN IV. '

1 In (that day)

2 he blew and '

3 For future time the mountain '

4 Nu-NAIM-NIR ' went '

5 Like heaven and earth he spake . . . . '

6 His ways they went ... .'

7 Violently they fronted against him *

8 He saw them and to the earth (descended)

9 When a stop he did not make

10 of the gods '

1 1 Against the gods they revolted

12 . . . .' violence '

13 Violently they wept for Babylon '

14 very much they wept,
r 5 And in the midst

[The rest is wanting.]

' The tower.

' Ultaccira-melic-su-nu, "make hostile their council."

' Lacuna). * Relates to the destruction of the tower by a storm.

* The god of " no rule " or lawlessness.

^ The builders continued to build.

' Lamentations of the gods for the Babylonians.

133

THE ELEVENTH TABLET

OF

THE IZDUBAR LEGENDS.

The Chaldean Account of the Dclui^i.

By GEORGE SMITH.

'T'HE tablet describing the deluge is the eleventh in
a series of twelve tablets describing the adventures
of a hero whose name I provisionally call Izdubar,
and whom I identify with the Nimrod of Genesis.

These tablets describe the early life and hunting
exploits of the hero ; his friendship with a faun or
satyr named Heabani ; his conquest of Humbaba, a
tyrant who ruled over the country ; the love of Ishtar
or Venus for him ; his illness ; the death of Heabani ;
and the wanderings to Izdubar, to find his translated
ancestor, Hasisadra or Xisuthrus, who for his piety
was said to have been taken into the company of
the gods.

134 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

Izdubar is supposed to reach Hasisadra, and asks
him how he became immortal, in answer to which, in
this tablet, Xisuthrus tells him the story of the flood.

The principal fragments of this story I found in
the autumn of 1872, in the Museum collection of
Cuneiform tablets.

Since my paper on the Deluge Tablets, read
before the Society 3rd December, 1872, I have found
several new fragments in the Museum Collection ;
and in my two journeys to the site of Nineveh I
have procured about a dozen other fragments of
these legends. This accession of new material
enables me to supply many of the wanting portions
of the legend, and to correct other portions where
from the mutilation or obscurity of the text the
translation was doubtful. This translation is ex-
tracted from the interlinear translation published in
the Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archceology,
Vol. III., p. 530.

Note. — The death of the learned author of this paper, at
Aleppo, on the 19th of August, while these sheets were passing
through the press, adds a melancholy interest to a text, the
first of a series which he fondly hoped to have completed on
his return.

135

TRANSLATION OF THE ELEVENTH TABLET
OF THE IZDUBAR SERIES.

COLUMN I.

1 IzDUBAR to him also said to Hasisadra the remote :

2 I am burdened with the matter Hasisadra

3 why thou repeatest not to me from thee

4 and thou repeatest not to me from thee

5 thy ceasing, my heart to make war.

6 presses, of thee, I come up after thee

7 ' how thou hast done and in the assembly of

the gods alive thou art placed.

8 Hasisadra to him also said to Izdubar :

9 be revealed to thee Izdubar the concealed stor}-

10 and the judgment of the gods relate to thee

1 1 the city Surippak the city where thou standest
' placed

12 that city is ancient . . .' the gods within it

13 ' their servant the great gods

14 ' the god Anu

15.. . . ' the god Elu

16 'the god NiNip

17 and the god ' Lord of Hades

18 their will he revealed in the midst ' and

19 (I) his will was hearing and he spake (to me)

20 SuRiPPAKiTE son of Ubaratutu

21 ' make a ship after this '

22 'I destroy the sinner and life '

23 cause to ascend in the seed of life all of it, to the
midst of the ship

24 the ship which thou shalt make

' Lacunx.

136 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

35 . . . ' cubits shall be the measure of its length, and

26 ' cubits the amount of its breadth and its height.

27 ... ' Into the deep launch it.

28 I perceived and said to Hea my Lord :

2g Hea my Lord this that thou commandest me
30 'I will perform, it shall be done.

31 (I shall be derided by) young men and old men.

32 Hea opened his mouth and spake, and said to me his
servant,

33 . . . . .' thou shalt say unto them,

34 . .' he has turned from me and

35 ' fixed ■

36 . ' like caves '

37 . . .' above and beloAv ..."

38 .' close the ship . . . .'

39 . .' the flood which I will send to you

40 enter and the door of the ship turn

41 into the midst of it thy grain thy furniture and thy goods

42 thy wealth, thy women-servants, thy female slaves and
the young men,

43 the beasts of the field, the animals of the field, all I
will gather and

44 I Avill send to thee and they shall be enclosed in thy
door.

45 Adrahasis' his mouth opened and spake and . . .'

46 said to Hea his Lord

47 Any one the ship will not make . . . .'

48 . . .' on the earth fixed '

49 . ..." I may see also the ship . . . .'

50 ..." on the ground the ship . . . .'

51 the ship making which thou commandest me . '

52 which in '

' Lacunx-. " The transposition is of the text in this line.

THE DELUGE TABLET. I37

COLUMN II.

1 strong '

2 on the fifth day ..♦...' it

3 in its circuit fourteen measures . . . .' its frame

4 ' fourteen measures it measured ' over it

5 I placed its roof, it . . . .'I enclosed it.

6 I rode in it on the si.xth time examined its exterior on
the seventh time

7 its interior I examined on the eighth time

8 planks against the waters within it I placed

9 I saw rents and the wanting parts I added

10 three measures of bitumen I poured ovi:t the outside

1 1 three measures of bitumen I poured over the inside

[ 2 three . . ' men carrying its baskets they constructed
boxes

13 I gave the boxes which they had sacrificed an offer-
ing

1 4 two measures of boxes I had distributed to the boatmen

15 to ' were sacrificed oxen

16 'for every day

17 in ' wine in receptacles and wine

18 (I collected) like the waters of a ri\cr, also
ig (food) like the dust of the earth, also

20 (I collected in) boxes with my hand I placed

21 " Shamas. . . .' material of the ship completed

22 ' strong and

23 the reed oars of the ship I caused to bring above and
below.

24 ■ they went in two thirds of it

25 all I possessed the strength of it, all I possessed the
strength of it silver,

' Lacunae.

138 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

26 all I possessed the strength of it gold,

27 all I possessed the strength of it, the seed of life, the
whole

28 I caused to go up into the ship all my male servants
and my female ser\-ants,

29 the beast of the field, the animal of the field, the sons
of the people all of them I caused to go up ;

30 a flood Shamas made and

31 he spake saying : In the night I will cause it to rain
from heaven.

32 Enter to the midst of the ship and shut thy door (?'.
the ship).

33 A flood he raised and

34 he spake saying in the night : I will cause it to rain '
from heaven heavily.

35 In the day I celebrated his festival

36 the day of watching fear I had.

37 I entered to the midst of the ship and shut my door.

38 To close the ship to Buzur-sadirabi the boatman

39 the palace I gave with its goods.

40 The raging of a stonn in the morning

41 arose, from the horizon of heaven extending and ^ride.

42 VuL in the midst of it thundered, and

43 Nebo and Saru went in front,

44 the throne bearers went over mountains and plains,

45 the destroyer Nergal overturned,

46 NiNiP went in front and cast down,

47 the spirits carried destruction,

48 in their glory they swept the earth ;

49 of VuL the flood reached to heaven.

50 The bright earth to a waste was turned,

' Or "it will rain."

THE DELUGE TABLET. 1 39

COLUMN III.

1 the surface of the earth Hke .... 'it swept,

2 it destroyed all life from the face of the earth . . . .'

3 the strong deluge over the people, reached to heaven.

4 Brother saw not his brother, it did not spare the people.
In heaven

, 5 the gods feared the tempest and

6 sought refuge ; they ascended to the heaven of Anu.

7 The gods like dogs fixed in droves prostrate.

8 Spake Ishtar like a child,

9 uttered the great goddess her speech :

10 All to corruption are turned and

1 1 then I in the presence of the gods prophesied cr'\\.

12 As I prophesied in the presence of the gods evil,

13 to evil were devoted all my people and I prophesied

14 I the mother have begotten my people and

15 like the young of the fishes they fill the sea.

16 The gods concerning the spirits were weeping with
me (!•'. her,

1 7 the gods in seats seated in lamentation,

18 covered with their lips for the coming evil.

19 Six days and nights

20 passed, the wind, deluge, and storm, o\erwhelmed.

21 On the seventh day in its course, was calmed the
storm, and all the deluge

2 2 which had destroyed like an earthquake,

23 quieted. The sea he caused to dry, and the wind and
deluge ended

24 I perceived the sea making a tossing ;

' Lacunae.

140 RECORBS OF THE PAST.

25 and the whole of mankind turned to corruption.

26 like reeds the corpses floated.

27 I opened the window, and the light broke over my face,

28 it passed. I sat down and wept,

29 over my face flowed my tears.

30 I perceived the shore at the boundary of the sea,

3 1 for twelve measures the land rose.

32 To the country of Nizir went the ship ;

33 the mountain of Nizir stopped the ship, and to pass
over it it was not able.

34 The first day, and the second day, the mountain of
Nizir the same.

35 The third day, and the fourth day, the mountain of
Nizir the same.

36 The fifth, and sixth, the mountain of Nizir the same.

37 On the seventh day in the course of it

38 I sent forth a dove and it left. The dove went and
turned, and

39 a resting-place it did not find, and it returned.

40 I sent forth a swallow and it left. The swallow went
and turned, and

41 a resting-place it did not find, and it returned.

42 I sent forth a raven and it left.

43 The raven went, and the corpses on the water it saw,
and

44 it did eat, it swam, and wandered away, and did not
return.

45 I sent the animals forth to the four winds, I poured out
a libation,

46 I built an altar on the peak of the mountain,

47 by seven jugs of wine I took

48 at the bottom of them I placed reeds, pines, and spices.

49 The gods collected at its burning, the gods collected at
its good burning ;

THE DELUGE TABLET. I4I

50 the gods like swnbe over the sacrifice gathered.

5 1 From of old also the great god in his course

52 the great brightness of An'u had created, ^^■hen the
glory ■

53 of those gods the charm round my neck would not
repel.

' Lacuna.

142 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

REVERSE— COLUMN IV.

T in those days I desired that for ever I might not
leave them.

2 May the gods come to my altar,

3 may Bel not come to my altar,

4 for he did not consider and had made a deluge,

5 and my people he had consigned to the deep.

6 From of old also Bel in his course

7 saw the ship, and went Bel with anger filled to the
gods and spirits :

8 Let not anyone come out alive, let not a man be
saved from the deep.

9 NiNiP his mouth opened, and spake and said to the
warrior Bel :

10 Who then will be saved ? Hea the words under-
stood . .

1 1 and Hea knew all things '

12 Hea opened his mouth and spake and said to the
warrior Bel :

13 Thou Prince of the gods warrior, '

14 when thou art angry a deluge thou makest ;

15 the doer of sin did his sin, the doer of evil did his
evil.

16 May the exalted not be broken, may the captive not
be delivered.

17 Instead of thee making a deluge, may lions increase
and men be reduced ;

18 instead of thee making a deluge, may leopards increase
and men be reduced ;

' Lacunae.

THE DELUGE TABLET.

143

19 instead of thee making a deluge, may famine happen
and the country be destroyed ;

20 instead of thee making a deluge, may pestilence
increase and men be destroyed.

21 I did not peer into the judgment of the gods.

22 Adrahasis a dream they sent, and the judgment of
the gods he heard.

23 When his judgment was accomplished, Bel went up
to the midst of the ship.

24 He took my hand and raised me up,

25 he caused to raise and to bring my -wife to my side ;

26 he purified the country, he established a covenant and
took the people,

27 in the presence of Hasisadra and the people.

28 When Hasisadra and his wife, and the people, to be
like the gods were carried away,

29 then dwelt Hasisadra in a remote place at the mouth
of the rivers.

30 They took me and in a remote place at the mouth of
the rivers they seated me.

31 When to thee whom the gods have chosen also,

32 for the health which thou seekest and askest,

33 this do six days and seven nights,

34 like in a seat also in bonds bind him,

35 the way like a storm shall be laid upon him.

36 Hasisadra after this manner also said to his wife,

37 I announce that the chief who grasps at health

38 the way like a storm shall be laid upon him.

39 His wife after this manner also said to Hasisadra
afar off,

40 Purify him, and let the man be sent away ;

41 the road that he came may he return in peace,

42 the great gate open and may he return to his country,

43 Hasisadra after this manner also said to his wife :

144 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

44 The cry of a man alarms thee,

45 this do his kunuiimat place on his head.

46 And the day when he ascended the side of the ship,

47 she did, his kurtanmat she placed on his head.

48 And the day when he ascended the side of the ship,

49 first the sabiisat of his kurtimmat,

50 second the mussiikat, third the radbat, fourth she
opened his zikaman,

51 fifth the cloak she placed, sixth the bassat,

THE DELUGE TABLET. I45

COLUMN V.

1 seventh in the opening she purified him and let the
man go free.

2 IzDUBAR after this manner also said to Hasisadra
afar off :

3 In this way thou was compassionate over me,

4 joyfully thou hast made me, and thou hast restored
me.

5 Hasisadra after this manner also said to Izdubar,

6 . . . . .' thy kurummat,

1 ' separated thee,

8 ' thy kurummat,

9 second tiie mussakat, third the radbat,

10 fourth she opened the zikainan,

1 1 fifth the cloak she placed, sixth the bassat,

12 seventh in the opening I purified thee and let thee go
free.

13 Izdubar after this manner also said to Hasisadra

afar off :

14 . . . .' Hasisadra to thee may we not come

15 . . ' collected

16 ' dwelling in death,

17 ' his back(?) dies also.

18 Hasisadra after this manner also said to Urhamsi the
boatman :

19 Urhamsi . ' to thee we cross to preserve
thee.

20 Who is beside the . . . .' of support ;

VOL. VII.

Lacunae.

11

146 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

2 1 The man whom thou comest before, disease has filled
his body ;

22 illness has destroyed the strength of his limbs.

23 Carry him Urhamsi, to cleanse take him,

24 his disease in the water to beauty may it turn,

25 may he cast off his illness, and the sea carry it away,
may health cover his skin,

26 may it restore the hair of his head,

27 hanging to cover the cloak of his body.

28 That he may go to his country, that he may take his
road,

29 the hanging cloak may he not cast off, but alone may
he leave.

30 Urhamsi carried him, to cleanse he took him,

31 his disease in the water to beauty turned,

32 he cast off his illness, and the sea carried it away, and
health covered his skin.

33 He restored the hair of his head, hanging down to
cover the cloak of his body.

34 That he might go to his country, that he might take
his road,

35 the hanging cloak he did not cast off, but alone he left.

36 IzDUBAR and Urhamsi rode in the ship,

37 where they placed them they rode.

38 His wife after this manner also said to Hasisadra
afar off :

39 Izdubar goes away, he is satisfied, he performs

40 that which thou hast given him, and returns to his
country.

41 And he carried away the breaches of Izdubar,

42 and the ship touched the shore.

43 Hasisadra after this manner also said to Izdubar :

44 Izdubar thou goest away, thou art satisfied, thou
performest

THE DELUGE TABLET. 1 47

45 that which I have given thee, and thou retumest to thy
country.

46 Be revealed to thee Izdubar the concealed story ;

47 and the judgment of the gods be related to thee.

48 This account like bitumen .'

49 its renown like the sight of . . '

50 when the account a hand shall take

5 1 Izdubar, this in his hearing heard, and '

52 he collected great stones . .'

' Lacunae.

n*

148 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

COLUMN VI.

1 They dragged it and to '

2 he carried the account '

3 piled up the great stones . .'

4 to his mule . '

5 IZDUBAR after this manner also said

6 to Urhamsi : This account '

7 If a man in his heart take . . .'

8 may they bring them to Erech Suburi

9 . . ' speech . . . .'

10 I will give an account and turn to . .'

11 For ten kaspu" they journeyed the stage, for twenty
kaspu ' they journeyed the stage.

1 2 and IzDUBAR saw the well . . '

13 For thirteen kaspu' to the midst of Erech Suburi.

14 noble of men '

15 in his return '

16 . . . .' IzDUBAR approached ... . '

17 and over his face coursed his tears, and he said to
Urhamsi :

18 At my misfortune in my turning '

19 at my misfortune is my heart troubled.

20 I have not done good to my ovm self;

21 and the lion of the earth does good.
2 2 Then for twenty kaspu ^

23 . . .' then I opened . . .' the instrument

24 raised not its wall for . ..." I appointed.

' Lacunae. " Seventy miles. ' 140 miles.

^ Ninety-one miles. ^ 140 miles.

THE DELUGE TABLET. 1 49

25 And they left the ship by the shore, twenty kaspu '
they journeyed the stage.

26 For thirty kaspu ' they made the ascent, they came
to the midst of Erech Suburi.

27 IzDUBAR after this manner also said to Urhamsi the
boatman :

28 Ascend Urhamsi over where the wall of Erech will
go;

29 the cylinders are scattered, the bricks of its casing arc
not made,

30 and its foundation is not laid to thy height ;

31 one measure the circuit of the cit)', one measure of
plantations, one measure the boundary of the temple of
Nantur the house of Ishtar,

32 three measures together the divisions of Erech . . .'

' 140 miles. ° 210 miles. ' Lacunae.

iSi

AN

ACCADIAN PENITENTIAL PSALM.

TRANSLATED BY

Rev. a. H. SAYCE, M.A.

'T'HE following Psalm for remission of sins is re-
markable alike for its deeply spiritual tone and for its
antiquity. As it is written in Accadian, its composi-
tion must be referred to a date anterior to the 17th
century B.C., when that language became extinct. An
Assyrian interlinear translation is attached to most of
the lines ; some, however, are left untranslated. The
tablet is unfortunately broken in the middle, causing
a lacuna in the text. Similarities will be noticed
between the language of the Psalm and that of the
Psalms of the Old Testament, and one passage
reminds us strongly of the words of Christ in St.
Matthew xviii. 22. Seven, it must be remembered, was
a sacred number among the Accadians. Accadian

152 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

poetry was characterised by a parallelism of ideas and
clauses ; and as this was imitated, both by the
Assyrians and by the Jews, the striking resemblance
between the form of Accadian and Hebrew poetry
can be accounted for.

Some of the lines in the middle of the Psalm have
been previously translated by Mr. Fox Talbot, in the
Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archceology,
Vol. II., p. 60, and Prof. Schrader in his Hollenfahrt
der Istar, pp. 90-95.

A copy of the text is given in the fourth volume of
the Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, pi. 10.

153

AN ACCADIAN PENITENTIAL PSALM.

OBVERSE.

1 The heart of my Lord" was wroth : to his place may he
return.

2 From the man that (sinned) unknomngly to his place
may (my) god return.

3 From him that (sinned) unknowingly to her place may
(the) goddess return.

4 May god who knoweth (that) he knew not to his place
return.

5 May the goddess " who knoweth (that) he knew not to
her place return.

6 May the heart of my god to his place return.

7 May the heart of my goddess to his place return.

8 May my god and my goddess (unto their place) return.

9 May god (unto his place) return.

10 May the goddess (unto her place return).

1 1 The transgression (that I committed my god) knew it.

12 The transgression (that I committed my goddess knew
it).

13 The holy name (of my god I profaned?).

14 The holy name (of my goddess I profaned?).

[The next three lines are obliterated.]

18 The waters of the sea (the waters of my tears) do I
drink.

1 9 That which was forbidden by my god with my mouth I
ate.

' Literally " of my lord his heart."

° The Accadian throughout has the word " mother" before "goddess."

154 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

20 That which was forbidden by my goddess in my igno-
rance I trampled upon.

21 O my Lord, my transgression (is) great, many (are) my
sins.

22 O my god, my transgression (is) great, my sins (are
many).

23 O my goddess, my transgression (is) great, my sins (are
many).

24 O my god that knowest (that) I knew not, my trans-
gression (is) great, my sins (are many).

25 O my goddess, that knowest (that) I knew not, my trans-
gression (is) great, my sins (are many).

26 The transgression (that) I committed I knew not.

27 The sin (that) I sinned I knew not.

28 The forbidden thing did I eat.

29 The forbidden thing did I trample upon.

30 My Lord in the wrath of his heart has punished me.

3 1 God in the strength of his heart has overpowered me.

32 The goddess upon me has laid affliction and in pain has
set me.

23 God who knew, (though) I knew not, hath pierced me.

34 The goddess who knew (though) I knew not hath caused
darkness.

35 I lay on the ground and no man seized me by the hand.'

36 I wept,' and my palms none took.

REVERSE.

1 I cried aloud ; there was none that would hear me.

2 I am in darkness (and) trouble :' I lifted not myself up.

3 To my god my (distress) I referred ; my prayer I ad-
dressed.

' Accadian "extended the hand."

' Accadian " in tears (water of the eye) I dissolved myself."
' Or more literally "hiding-." The verb that follows means "to lift one-
self up so as to face another."

ACCADIAN PENITENTIAL PSALM. 1 55

4 The feet of my goddess I embraced.

5 To (my) god, who knew (though) I knew not, (my prayer)
I addressed.

6 To (my) goddess, who knew (though I knew not, my
prayer) I addressed.

[The next four lines are lost.]

1 1 How long O my god (shall I suffer ?).

12 How long O my goddess (shall I suffer?).

13 How long O my god, who knewest (though) I knew not,
shall (thy) strength (oppress me ?)

14 How long O my goddess, who knewest (though) I knew
not, shall thy heart (be wroth ?)

15 Of mankind thou writest the number and there is none
that knoweth.

16 Of mankind the name (that) is fully proclaimed how can I
know ?

17 Whether it be afflicted or whether it be blessed there is
none that knoweth.

i8 O Lord, thy servant thou dost not restore.'

19 In the waters of the raging flood seize his hand.

20 The sin (that) he has sinned to blessedness bring back.

2 r The transgression he has committed let the wind carr)-
away.

22 My manifold affliction like a garment destroy.

23 O my god, seven times seven (are my) transgressions, my
transgressions are before (me).

24 (To be repeated) lo times.' O my goddess, seven times
seven (are my) transgressions.

25 O god who knowest (that) I knew not, seven times seven
(are my) transgressions.

26 O goddess who knowest (that) I knew not, seven times
seven (are my) transgressions.

' In the Assyrian " quiet." ° A rubrical direction.

156 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

27 My transgressions are before (me): may thy judgment
give (me) life.

28 May thy heart Hke the heart of the mother of the setting
day to its place return.

29 (To be repeated) 5 times." Like the mother of the setting
day (and) the father of the setting day to its place (may it
return).

30 For the tearful supplication of my heart 65 times let the
name be invoked of every god."

3r Peace afterwards.

32 {Colophon) Like its old (copy) engraved and written.

33 Country of Assur-bani-pal King of multitudes, King of
Assyria.

' A rubrical direction.

157

A BABYLONIAN SAINTS' CALENDAR.

TRANSLATED BY

Rev. a. H. SAYCE, M.A.

'T'HE curious hcmerology of the intercalary Elul
which is translated below is interesting on many
accounts. It not only proves the existence of a
Chaldean ritual and rubric, but also shows that each
day of the year had been assigned to its particular
deity or patron-saint, in whose honour special cere-
monies and services had to be performed. But the
chief interest attaching to it is due to the fact that it
bears evidence to the existence of a seventh-day
sabbath, on which certain works were forbidden to
be done, among the Babylonians and Assyrians. It
will be observed that several of the regulations laid
down are closely analogous to the sabbatical injunc-
tions of the Levitical law and the practice of the
Rabbinical Jews. What I have rendered "sabbath"
is expressed by two Accadian words, which literally
signify "dies nefastus," and a bilingual syllabary
makes them equivalent to the Assyrian yit7n suliiini,
or "day of completion (of labours)." The word
sabbath itself was not unknown to the Assyrians, and
occurs under the form of sabattu in W. A. /., H., 32,
16, where it is explained as " a day of rest for the

IS8 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

heart." Sabatu is also explained to mean "complete''
in W.A. I., II., 25, 14.

The calendar is written in Assyrian. The occur-
rence, however, of numerous Accadian expressions
and technical terms shows that it was of Accadian,
and therefore non-Semitic, origin, though borrowed
by the Semites along with the rest of the old Tura-
nian theology and science. The original text must
accordingly have been inscribed at some period
anterior to the seventeenth century B.C., when the
Accadian language seems to have become extinct.
The intercalaiy Elul itself belonged to the Accadian
period. The only intercalary month known to the
later Assyrian calendar was the second Adar or
Ve-Adar ; but besides this month the Accadians
at an early date made use also of a second Elul
and a second Nisan. It is a proof of the frequency
with which the calendar must have got out of order.
Curiously enough, a second Elul is mentioned in the
Talmud. Elul corresponded roughly with our August.

I have given a translation of the memorandum
attached to the 7th day in the Academy, Nov., 1875,
p. 554. The rest of the inscription has not been
translated before. The original text is lithographed
in the Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, Vol.
IV., pi. 32, 33. For the reason why the igth day
was a sabbath see my Paper on the " Astronomy and
Astrology of the Babylonians " in the Transactions of
the Society of Biblical AreJiceology, Vol. III. i, p. 207,
as well as my account of the Assyrian calendar in
Records of the Past, Vol. I., p. 166.

159

A BABYLONIAN SAINTS' CALENDAR.

OBVERSE.— COLUMN I.

1 The month of the second Elul. The first day. (The
feast) of Anu and Bel. A festival."

2 When during the month the moon is seen, the Prince of
many nations

3 (as) his offering ° a gazelle without blemish to the Moon

4 (shall offer) His offering

5 to the Sun the Lady of the world (and) to the Moon the
mighty god he makes.

6 Sacrifices he offers. Raising his hand the high place of
the ,tcod he wor.ships.

7 The 2nd day. (The feast) of the goddesses.' A festi-
val. The King his altar

8 to the Sun, the Lady of the world (and) the Moon the
mighty god makes.

9 Sacrifices he offers.

lo Raising his hand at the high place of the god he makes
a present.

11 The 3rd day. A feast* of Merod.\ch (and) Zir-panitu.
A festival.

12 In the night in the presence of Merodach and Istar

' This is in Accadian. The words signify, literally, "blessed" or "for-
tunate day."

' This ag'ain is Accadian, and may be read simply " what is due to his
groddess," i.e., " an ofTering."

' That is the two Istars (one presiding over the first fifteen days of the
month and the other over the last fifteen days).

♦ The word probably means "the day proclaimed," like the Roman
calends. In If. A. /., II. 32, 13, it is explained as "a day of eating."

l6o RECORDS OF THE PAST.

13 the King his offering makes.

14 Sacrifices he offers.

15 Raising his hand the high place of the god he worships.

16 The 4th day. A day of invocation to Nebo (and
Tasmit). a festival.

17 In the night in the presence of Nebo and Tasmit '

18 the King his offering makes.

19 Sacrifices he offers. The lifting up of his hand (in) the
high place of the god he presents.

20 The 5th day. (Dedicated) to Bel of the temple and
Beltis of the temple. A festival.

2 1 In the night in the presence of Assur (and) Beltis
2 2 the King his offering makes.

23 Sacrifices he offers. (With) the lifting up of his hand the
high place of the god he worships.

24 The 6th day. (Dedicated) to Rimmon (and) Beltis.
A festival.

25 The King (his) business does nvt perform.

26 In the night before the East wind to Rimmon the King
his offering makes.

27 Sacrifices he offers. The lifting up of his hand (at) the
high place of the god he presents.

28 The 7th day. A feast of Merodach (and) Zir-panitu.
A festival.

29 A sabbath." The Prince' of many nations

30 the flesh oi birds (and) cooked fruit '' eats not.

' Tasmit, *' the hearer,'' was the wife of Nebo, " the prophet."
' The two Accadian words here used Hterally signify dies nefastus, "a
day unlawful (to work upon)."

^ The word used throufjhout for "prince" is literally "shepherd."
^ Literally "the cooking of fruit."

BABVLONIAN SAINTS' CALENDAR, l6l

3 1 The garments of his body he changes not White robes
he puts not on.

32 Sacrifice he offers not. The King (in) his chariot rides
not.

^^ In royal fashion he legislates not. A place of garrison
the General (by word of) mouth appoints not.

34 Medicine for his sickness of body he applies not.

35 To make a sacred spot it is suitable.

36 In the night in the presence of Merodach and Istar

37 the King his offering makes. Sacrifices he offers.

38 Raising his hand the high place of the god he worships.

39 The 9th day. Day of invocation to Nebo. A festival.

40 In the night the Prince of many nations

41 his hand for the sacrifice of a sheep makes propitious.

42 To Nebo and Tasmit the King his offering makes.

43 Sacrifices he offers. The lifting up of his hand (at) the
high place of the god he presents.

44 The 9th day. (Dedicated) to Adar (and) Gula. A
festival.

45 In the night in the presence of Adar (and) Gula the
King his offering makes.

46 Sacrifices he offers. The lifting up of his hand (at) the
high place of the god he presents.

47 The loth day. (Dedicated) to Beltis of the temple
and Davan. A festival.

48 In the night in the presence of the j\Iilky-way ' and the
star (called) the Son of the Moon

49 the King his offering makes.

50 Sacrifices he offers.

5 1 (\\'ith) the lifting up of his hand the high place of the
god he worships.

' This is called by its Accadian name of Mar-gidda or "Long Road."
VOL. vn. 12

RECORDS OF THE PAST.

COLUMN II.

1 The nth day. The tnice-day of Tasmit and Zir-
PANITU. A festival.

2 When the moon shall lift up a halo of pale light

3 (and) the moon shall fail, the King in the night his offer-
ing to the Moon makes.

4 Sacrifices he offers. The lifting up of his hand (at) the
high place of the god he presents.

5 The 1 2th day. Day of gifts to Bel (and) Beltis. A
festival.

6 The King his offering to Bel and Beltis makes.

7 Sacrifices he offers. The lifting up of his hand (at) the
high place of the god he presents.

8 The 13th day. (Dedicated) to the Moon, the mighty
god. A festival.

9 (When) the moon a crown of pale light towards the
country lifts up,

10 (on) that day firmly the King his offering

1 1 to the Sun the Lady of the world (and) to the Moon the
mighty god, makes.

1 2 Sacrifices he offers. The lifting up of his hand (at) the
high place of the god he presents.

13 The 14th day. (Dedicated) to Beltis (and) Nergal.
A festival.

14 A sabbath. The Prince of great nations

15 The flesh oi birds (and) cooked fruit eats not.

16 The garments of his body he changes not. \\'hite robes
he wears not.

17 A sacrifice he offers not. The King his chariot drives
not.

BABYLONIAN SAINTS' CALENDAR. 1 63

18 In royal fashion he does not legislate. A place of
garrison the General (by word of) mouth appoints not.

19 Medicine to the sickness of his body he applies not.

20 To make a sacred spot it is suitable. In the night the
King his offering to Beltis

21 (and) Nergal makes. Sacrifices he offers.

22 The lifting up of his hand (at) the high place of the god
he presents.

23 The 15th day. (Dedicated) to the Lady of the temple
of Anu. The anniversary of the Moon the mighty god.

24 A festival. The King his offering to the Sun the
Mistress of the world

25 (and) to the Moon the mighty god makes. Sacrifices he
offers.

26 The lifting up of his hand (at) the high place of the god
he presents.

27 The 1 6th day. The feast of Merodach (and) Zir-
PANiTU. A festival.

28 The King his business does not perform. In the night in
the presence of Mf.rodach

29 (and) IsTAR the King his offering makes.

30 Sacrifices he offers. The lifting up of his hand (at) the
high place of the god he presents.

31 The 17th day. A day of invocation to Nebo (and)
Tasmit. a festival.

32 In the night in the presence of Nebo (and) Tasmit
11 the King his offering makes. Sacrifices he offers.

34 The lifting up of his hand (at) the high place of the god
he presents.

35 The 1 8th day. The jubilee' of the Moon and the Sun.
a festival. The King his offering

' Literally " the prescribed " or " proclaimed (day)."

12*

164 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

36 to the Sun the divine Mistress of the world (and) to the
Moon the mighty god

37 makes. Sacrifices he offers.

38 The lifting up of his hand (at) the high place of the god
he presents.

39 The 19th day. The white (day)' of Gula.' A festival.

40 A sabbath. The Prince of many nations
41a mess of flesh-meat eats not.

42 The garments of his body he changes not. White robes
he wears not.

43 A sacrifice he does not offer. The King a chariot drives
not.

44 In royal fashion he does not legislate. A place of garri-
son the General

45 (by word of) mouth does not appoint. Medicine for
the sickness of his body he does not apply.

46 To make a sacred spot it is suitable. The King his
offering to Adar and Gula

47 makes. Sacrifices he offers.

48 The lifting up of his hand (at) the high place of the god
he presents.

49 The 20th day. A day of light (and) gift-making to the
Moon and Sun. A festival.

50 The King to the Sun, the divine Mistress of tlie world
(and) to the Moon

5 1 the mighty god his offering makes. Sacrifices he offers.

52 The lifting up of his hand (at) the high place of the god
he presents.

' That is "a holyday," like the Latin dies candidus.

' Gula, "the great goddess," is also called Bahu or " chaos" (the Bohu
of Genesis), She was the wife of Hea, and in her capacity as " Lady of
the House of Death," was addressed as Nin-ci-gal, " Lady of the great
Country," i.e., Hades.

BABYLONIAN SAINTS' CALENDAR. 1 65

REVERSE.— COLUMN III.

1 The 2 1 St day. The anniversary ' of the Moon and Sun.
A festival.

2 A sabbath. The Prince of many nations

3 the flesh of birds (and) cooked fruit eats not.

4 The garments of his body he changes not. \\Tiite robes
he wears not.

5 A sacrifice he offers not. The King a chariot drives
not.

6 In royal fashion he legislates not. A place of garrison
the General (by word of) mouth appoints not.

7 Medicine for the sickness of his body he applies not.

8 To make a sacred spot it is suitable. At dawn the
King his offering

9 to the Sun the divine Mistress of the world (and) to the
Moon the mighty god

10 makes. A sacrifice he offers.

1 1 The lifting up of his hand (at) the high place of the god
he presents.

12 The 22nd day. The anniversary of (the Moon and)
Sun. The jubilee of the Lady of the temple. A festival.

13 The King his offering to the Sun the divine Mistress of
the world (and to the Moon the mighty god) makes.

14 Sacrifices he offers. The lifting up of his hand (at) the
higli ])lace of the god he presents.

15 The 23rd day. The jubilee of the Sun and of the Air-
god. A festival.

16 The King his offering to the Sun and Rimmon' makes.

' The Assyrian word is caccarrit, " a circling period."
' Rimmon was the Assyrian Air-god, whose name has been otherwise
read Bin, Vul, Iva and Ac.

1 66 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

1 7 A sacrifice he offers. The lifting up of his hand (at) the
high place of the god he presents.

i8 The 24th day. The jubilee of the Lord of the temple
and of the Lady of the temple. A festival.

19 The King his offering to the Lord of the temple and the
Lady of the temple

20 makes. A sacrifice he offers.

2 1 The lifting up of his hand (at) the high place of the god
he presents.

22 The 25th day. The holiday of Bel (and) Beltis of
Babylon. A festival.

23 In the night to Bel in the presence of the Star of the
Foundation (and) to Beltis of Babylon

24 in the presence of the Milky-way the King his offering
makes.

25 A sacrifice he offers. The lifting up of his hand (at) the
high place of the god he presents.

26 The 26th day. The thanksgiving-day of Hea, the mighty

god.
2 7 A festival. The King in the night his offering

28 to Hea the mighty god makes. A sacrifice he offers.

29 The lifting up of his hand (at) the high place of the god
he presents.

30 The 27th day. The day-of-action of Nergal. The
jubilee of Zicujl' A festival.

31 The King his offering to Nergal (and) Zicum makes.

32 A sacrifice he offers. (With) the lifting up of his hand
the high place of the god he worships.

* Zicum or Zigu, the Sige of Greek writers, was the sky regarded as the
primaeval "deep" out of which the universe proceeded. She is called
" the mother of Anu and all the gods.''

BABYLONIAN SAINTS' CALENDAR. 167

33 The 28th day. (Dedicated) to Hea. The rest-day of
Nergal. a festival.

34 A sabbath. The Prince of many nations

35 the flesh of birds (and) cooked fruit eats not.

36 The garments of his body he does not change.

37 White robes he does not wear.

38 A sacrifice he does not offer. The King a chariot does
not drive.

39 In royal fashion he does not legislate.

40 A place of garrison the General (by word of) mouth does
not appoint.

41 Medicine to the sickness of his body he does not apply.

42 To make a sacred spot it is suitable.

43 To Hea the mighty god (his offering the King) makes.

44 Sacrifices he offers. The lifting up of his hand (at) the
high place of the god he presents.

45 The 29th day. The rest-day of the Moon.

46 The day (when) the spirits of heaven (and) the spirits of
earth are invoked.

47 A festival. The King his offering to the Moon the
mighty god makes.

48 Sacrifices he offers. The lifting up of his hand (at) the
high place of the god he presents.

l68 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

COLUMN IV.

1 The 30th day. (Dedicated) to Anu (and) Bel. A
festival.

2 The King his offering to Anu and Bel makes.

3 Sacrifices he offers. The hfting up of his hand (at) the
high place of the god he presents.

4 The month of the second Elul from the isl day to the
30th day.

5 The King, if (for) his god or his goddess

6 or his gods the ruined rites he restores, that King has a
divine colossus ' (as) a god

7 In the month of the second Elul the King of the country
builds the edifice of a god's temple,

8 if he makes an altar

9 his heart is not good.

10 In the month of the second Elul the King a fortress
restores.

11 The month Tisri (is dedicated) to the Sun-god, the
warrior of the world

12 Sacrifices are burnt to Bel on the first day (which is
dedicated) to Anu and Bel.

13 {Colophon.) The 8th tablet (beginning) "The Moon,
the Lord of the month."

14 Country of Assur-bani-pal, the King of multitudes.
King of Assyria.

' These divine colossi were the composite figures placed at the entrance
of houses to protect them from the attack of evil spirits.

BABYLONIAN SAINTS' CALENDAR. 169

I add here a list of the months and their patron-
deities, which has already been given by the late
Mr. G. Smith in the Appendix of his History of
Assur-bani-pal, pp. 325, 326. The cuneiform text
will be found W. A. /., IV. 33.

1 The month Nisan (dedicated) to .\nu and Bel.

2 The month lyyar (dedicated) to Hea the Lord of man-
kind.

3 The month Sivan (dedicated) to the Moon-god, the
eldest son of Bel.

4 The month Tammuz (dedicated) to the warrior Adar.

5 The month Ab (dedicated) to (Allat) the Mistress of
the wood of the right hand."

6 The month Elul (dedicated) to Istar, the Lady (of
batde).'

7 The month Tisri (dedicated) to the Sun-god, the Warrior
of the world.

8 The month MarcJiesvan (dedicated) to the Lord, the
Prince of the gods, Merodach.

9 The month Chisleu (dedicated) to the Mighty hero Xer-

GAL.

' That is, the bow. In Smith's Jssui-lani-pal, p. ;;;, we read, " the
month Ab, the month of the star of the bow (Sagittarius), the daughter of
the Moon-god, the archer; (on) the 3rd day, the feast of the king of the
gods Merodach." Allat was the queen of Hades, Hke the Greek Perse-
phon6, though originally merely another form of Istar or Aphrodite.

' Elul is elsewhere called " the month of the king of the gods, .\ssur."
The second Elul, however, may be referred to here.

170 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

10 The month Tebet (dedicated) to Pap-succal, the Mes-
senger of Anu and I star.

11 The month Sebat (dedicated) to Rimmon the Minister
of heaven and earth.

12 The month Adar (dedicated) to the Seven Great Gods.

13 The month Ve-Adar (dedicated) to Assur the Father of
the gods.'

' We may conclude from this that the intercalary Ve-Adar had no
divine rec^ent in Accadlan times.

•7'

LISTS OF FURTHER TEXTS FOR TRANSLATION.

ASSYRIAN.

ARRANGED BY THE I.ATE

GEORGE SMITH.

IJor/is on History and Chronology.

Eponym Canon (Cun. Ins., Vol. Ill, p. i).
Historical Canon (Cun. Ins., Vol. II, p. 52).

Historical.

Legends of Izdubar (texts unpublished). (Deluge Tablets.)
Creation Tablets (Cutha Series).
Early Babylonian Dated Tablets (texts unpublished).
Brick of Samsi-vul I, ruler of Assyria (Cun. Ins., Vol. I, p. 6).
Brick of Kara-indas, king of Babylon (Trans. Soc. Bib. An,

P-68).
Inscriptions of Pudil, kingof Assyria (Revue An, Nov., 1869).
Monolith of Maruduk-bal-idina I, king of Babylonia.
Tablet of Vul-nirari I, king of Assyria (te.xt unpublished).
Small Inscriptions of Vul-nirari (various).

172 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

Inscriptions of Shalmaneser I, king of Assyria (various).

Inscriptions of Tugulti-ninip, king of Assyria (various un-
published ; one Cun. Ins., Vol. Ill, p. 4).

Inscriptions of Assur-risilim, king of Assyria (Cun. Ins.,
Vol. Ill, p. 3).

Brick and Cone Inscriptions of Vul-bal-idina, king of Babylon
(various).

Inscriptions of Nebuchadnezzar I, king of Babylonia (un-
published).

Other fragments of Tiglath-Pileser (various).

Contracts dated in the reign of Maruduk-nadin-ahi, king of
Babylon (various).

Inscriptions of Assur-bel-kala, king of Assyria (Cun. Ins.,
Vol. I, p. 6).

Inscriptions of Samsivul IV, king of Assyria (Cun. Ins.,
Vol. Ill, p. 3).

Contract dated in the reign of Simma-sihu, king of Babylon
(Layard's Ins., p. 53).

Other Inscriptions of Assur-nazir-pal (various).

Bull Inscription of Shalmaneser II (Layard's Ins., p. 12, etc.).

Inscriptions of Vul-nirari III, king of Assyria (Cun. Ins.,
Vol. I. p. 35).

Fragments of Annals of Tiglath-Pileser II, king of Assyria
(various).

Fragments of Inscriptions Shalmaneser IV, king of Assyria
(various).

Inscription of the Second Year of Sargon (unpublished).

Nimrud Inscription of Sargon (Layard's Ins., p. 33).

Cylinder (Barrel) of Sargon (Cun. Ins., Vol. I, p. 36).

Prism of Sargon (unpublished).

Other Inscriptions of Sargon (various).

Tablet of Kalah Shergat.

Nebbi Yunas Tablet (Cun. Ins., Vol. I, pp. 43, 44).

Other Inscriptions of Sennacherib (various).

LISTS OF FURTHER TEXTS. 1 73

Portions of Cylinders B, C, D, and E, of Assurbanipal
(Smith's Assurbanipal).

Various Historical Tablets of Assurbanipal (Smith's Assur-
banipal).

Hunting Texts of Assurbanipal (Cun. Ins., Vol. I, p. 7).

Inscriptions of Assur-ebel-ili, king of Assyria (Cun. Ins., Vols.
I and III).

Cylinder of Bel-zakir-iskun, king of Assyria (Cun. Ins. Vol. I,
p. 8).

Inscription of Nabopalassar,kingof Babylonia (unpublished).

Borsippa Cylinder of Nebuchadnezzar (Cun. Ins., Vol. I,

P- 5 0-
Tower of Bel (text unpublished).

Text of Elamite Kings.

Various other texts of Nebuchadnezzar.

Tablet dated in the reign of Evil Merodach, king of Babylon.

Cylinder of Nergal-shar-ezer, king of Babylon (Cun. Ins.,

Vol. I, p. 67).
■Cylinders of Nabonidus, king of Babylon (Cun. Ins., Vol. I,

pp. 68, 69).
Other texts of Nabonidus (various).
Brick of Cyrus, king of Babylon (Trans. Soc. Bib. An, Vol. II,

pt. I).
Inscription on Tomb of Cyrus.
Dated Tablets in reign of Cambyses (various).
Inscriptions of Darius.
Inscriptions of Xerxes, king of Persia.
Inscriptions of Artaxerxes, king of Persia.
Later Inscriptions of Persian, Greek, and Parthian periods.

Mythology and Religion {mostly unpublished).

Hymn to the Moon God.
Hymns to Ninip.

174 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

The AVar of the Gods.

Incantations for removing Curses.

Prayers of Amil-urgal.

Prayer against Eclipses.

Various other Prayers.

Various Mythological Stories and Invocations.

Tablets against Witchcraft.

The Lubara Legends (Chaldean Genesis).

Fables (impublishcd ).
The Horse and the Ox.
The Eagle (Chaldean Genesis).

Government {mostly unpublished).
Tablet with Advice and Cautions to Kings.
Various Reports and Despatches.
Various Tablets with Laws and Reports of Law Cases.

Private Life.
Further Deeds of Sale and Barter.
Eurther Loan Tablets.
Private Letters.
Lists of Property.

Science, etc. {partly unpublished).

Geographical Lists.

Lists of Animals and Birds (Delitzsch).
Lists of Minerals and their uses.
Lists of Wooden Objects.
Grammatical Tablets (a selection from).
Mathematical Tablets.

Astrology and Astronomy.
Eurther Selections from the great Chaldean AVork on As-
trology.

LISTS OF FURTHER TEXTS. 1 75

Further Selections from Astronomical and Astrological

Reports."
A Selection of Omens from Terrestrial Objects and Events.

PHCENICIAN.

Sarcophagus of Ashmunazer (Due de Luynes, Mimoirc,

1856).
Marseilles Inscription (Judas, 1857).
The Moabite Stone (Ginsburg, 187 1).
Selected Mortuary Inscriptions.

' Selections of these only printed in Vol. !.

176

EGYPTIAN.

(Tentative List o?iiy.)

ARRANGED BY

P. LE PAGE RENOUF, F.R.S.L.

Historical Documents.
Ancient Empire :

Inscription of Tomb of Ameni (Benihassan I).

,, Tomb of Nahre-si Chnuni-hotep (Beni-

hassan II).
,, of Sakaya.

XVIIIth Dpiasty :

Inscription of Aahmes, formerly called Pensouvan

(Louvre C, 49).

,, Thothmes I, at Karnak (Denk. Ill, 18).

,, Hat-a-su (Duemichen, Hist. Ins., 19, 20).

Other Monuments of Thothmes III (Birch and De

Rouge').
Obelisk of Lateran.
Inscriptions of Haremhebi.
Inscriptions of Amenophis III (Denk. Ill, 65 and

following).
Monuments of the Disk Worshippers.
XlXth Dynasty :

Triumphal Inscription of Seti I at Karnak (Denk. Ill,

126).
Sarcophagus of Seti I (Bonomi).

Dedicatory Inscription of Rameses II, at Abydos
(Maspero).

LIoTS OF FURTHER TEXTS. 177

Triumphal Inscriptions (Denk. Ill, 165, etc.).

Historical Inscription at Abusimbel (187),

Great Tablet at Abusimbel (194).

Inscription of Bek-en-Chonsu (Deveria).
List of Kings :

Turin Papyrus.

Tablet of Abydos.

Tablet of Sakkarah.

Tablet of Karnak.
XXth Dynasty :

Inscription of Seti II (Duemichen, Hist. Ins., 1-5).

,, Rameses III (Rosellini, Burton, Greene,

and Duemichen, uhi supra 13-15)-
XXIst Dynasty :

Tablet 4th year of Rameses IV.
Ethiopic period ;

Dream Tablet (Mariette's Monuments).
Persian and Ptolemaic :

Statuette Naophore du Vatican.

Tablet of Tafnecht at Naples.

Inscription of Ptolemy son of Lagos.

Inscription of Alexander Acgos (Zeitschrift).

" Bauurkunde der Tempelanlagen von Edfu" (Due-
michen).

Two Ptolemaic Tablets (Birch).

Selection of Obelisk Inscriptions.
,, Api.s Tablets.

Religious or Magical Texts.

Ancient Forms of Sepulchral Offerings, etc. (Tablets of

Ancient Empire.)
The Ritual of the Dead.
Spells in Lepsius (" Aelteste Texte").
Harris Magical Papyrus.

VilL. vii. '■'

178 RECORDS OF THE PAST.

" Horus on Crocodiles" (various texts, Leydenand elsewhere).

Spells in Tomb of Bek-en-ren-ef.

" Metternich Tablet."

'^ Sha en senscnu;" the " Book of the Breaths of Life."

Legend of Horus (Naville).

The Rhind Papyri.

Sarcophagus of Aroeri (Eonomi).

„ Necht-en-heb.

„ T'at-hra (Louvre).

„ British Museum, 32.

Litanies of the Sun (Denk. Ill, 203).
Apis Stelae (a very large number, nearly 360).

Selection of Hymns, such as the following :
To the Nile (Denk. HI, 175).
To Ammon (Denk. HI, 237).

Ap-heru-mes (Berlin, in Brugsch Monumens, pi. HI).
Mcri _ ( „ „ „ pi. IV).

To Osiris (Bibliothfeque Nationale, Chabas).
Fragments of the Hymns of the Disk Worshippers.
Several in British Museum.

„ Duemichen's publications.

Great Psalm to Ammon (Leyden I, 350).

Calendar of Lucky and Unlucky days (Sallier, Chabas).
Calendars of Festivals from as Early Date as possible to
Roman Period.

Literatu7-e, Philosopliy, Science, Econoniv.

Proverbs, Prisse Papyrus (Chabas).

"Rules of Life" (Papyrus at Boulaq, lately published by

Mariette).
Song of the Oxen (Denk. Ill, 10).
The Praise of Literature.
Three Amatory Songs (Goodwin).

LISTS OF FURTHER TEXTS.

'79

Medical Papyrus (Berlin).

„ „ (British Museum).

„ „ (Ebers Papyrus).

Geometrical Papyrus (British Museum).
Calendar of Astronomical Observations in Tombs of XXth

Dynasty (Rcnouf).
Letters on all varieties of subjects in the Sallier, Anastasi,

l.eyden, and Bologna Papyri.
Letters of Amenemha (Maspero (lenre Epistolaire).
Registers, etc., (RoUin and other Papyri).
Accounts (Louvre).
Receipts for making Kyphi, etc.
Catalogues of the Temple Library at F.dfu.

Law and Police.
Abbott Papyrus (Spoliation of Tombs).
"Pap. Judiciaire Amhurst" (Chabas).
Report on Capture of Fugitixe Slaves (Leyden I, 368,

Chabas).
Complaint against Paneba (British Museum Papyrus, Salt,

Chabas).
Petition to king Amenophis (Chabas).
Complaint against Thefts committed by certain Workmen

(Chabas).
Selected Inscriptions from the Ostraca.
Greco-l<"gyptian Official Complaints.

ff

[Origi/ial Circular.)

SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCH^fiOLOGY.
9, Conduit Street, W,,

dth Afa_]\ 1873.
Sir,

I beg to infomi you that it is intended shortly to
pubHsh a Series of Translations of all the important
Assyrian and Egyptian Texts, which exist in the various
collections of England and the Continent, and thus place
before the English Student the remains of undoubtedly The
Oldest and most Authentic Literature in the World,
the foundation of all History, ArchEeolog)', and Biblical
exposition, the contemporaneous records of the nations and
writers of the Bible. Nearly all the principal Translators
have offered their services for this purpose, and while each
Author will be alone responsible for his portion of the work,
the general arrangement of the materials will rest with the
President of this Society. The selection of the records
will not be confined to those bearing directly on the text of
the Bible, but embrace the entire range of Egyptian and
AssyTian history and literature. Each translation will quote
the authorities upon ■\^■hich it is based, or the monument
from which it is taken, and all other notes will be as few and
brief as possible, to avoid controversy and expense.

The volumes will be issued by Messrs. Bagster and Sons,
at a price to bring them within the reach of all who are
interested in such subjects.

I shall be happy to answer any communication addressed
to me upon this subject, and trust that you will promote the
best interests of Biblical Archreology, by circulating this
notice among your friends.

I remain. Sir,

Vours faithfully,

\V. R." COOPER.

SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCHEOLOGY.

9, CONDUIT STREET, LONDON, W.

Instituted for the investigation of the Archaeology,
History, Arts, and Chronology of Ancient and Modern
Assyria, Palestine, Egypt, Arabia, and other Biblical
Lands : the promotion of the study of the Antiquities of
those countries, and the Record of Discoveries hereafter
to be made in connexion therewith. Also for the forma-
tion of a Library of Geographical and Archaeological
Works, under due regulation to be circulated among the
Members.

The Meetings are held on the first Tuesdays in the
month from November to June at 8-30 p.m.

MEMBERSHIP.

Ladies and Gentlemen desirous of becoming Members
■of the Society are requested to communicate by letter with
the Secretary, Mr. W. R. Cooper, 9, Conduit Street, W.,
who will submit their names to the Council, by whom all
Candidates are nominated. The Subscription is one guinea
per annum, payable in advance, which entitles the Member
to receive all the Publications and attend all the meetings
of the Society.

There is no Entrance Fee.

RECORDS OF THE PAST.

VOL. I.

ASSYRIAN TEXTS.

CONTENTS :

INSCRIPTION OF RIMMON-NIRARl.
By rev. a. H SAYCE, M.A.

INSCRIPTION OF KHAMMURABI.
IBv H. FOX TALBOT, F.R.S.

MONOLITH INSCRIPTION OF S AM AS-R 1 M MON.
By rev. a. H. SAYCE, M.A.

bp:llino'S cylinder of sennacherib.

By H. fox TALBOT, F.R.S.

TAYLOR'S CYLINDER OF SENNACHERIB.
Bv H. FOX TALBOT, F.R.S.

ANNALS OF ASSURBANIPAL (CYLINDER A).
By GEORGE SMITH.

BEHISTUN INSCRIPTION OF DARIUS.
By SIR H. RAWLINSON, K.C.B., D.C.L.

BABYLONIAN EXORCISMS.
By rev. a. H. SAYCE, M.A.

PRIVATE WILL OF SENNACHERIB.
By rev. a. H. SAYCE, M.A.

ASSYRIAN PRIVATE CONTRACT TABLETS.
By rev. a. H. SAYCE, M.A.

LEGEND OF THE DESCENT OF ISHTAR.
By H. fox TALBOT, F.R.S.

ASSYRIAN ASTRONOMICAL TABLETS.
By rev. a. H. SAYCE, M.A.

ASSYRIAN CALENDAR.
By rev. A. H. SAYCE, M.A.

TABLES OF ASSYRIAN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
By rev. a. H. SAYCE, M.A.

LISTS OF FURTHER TEXTS, ASSYRIAN AND

EGYPTIAN.

Selectrd by GEORGE SMITH, and P. T.E PAGE RENOUF

RECORDS OF THE PAST.

VOL. II.

EGYPTIAN TEXTS.

CONTENTS :

INSCRIPTION OF UNA.
By S. birch, LL.D.

INSTRUCTIONS OF AMENEMHAT 1.
Bv G. MASPERO.

ANNALS OF THOTHMES III.

SiATisTicAi. Tablet. Tablet op Thothmes III. Battle ok MEGiDoa

Inscription of Amen-em-heb.

By S. birch, LL.D.

THE WARS OF RAMESES II WITH THE KHITA.
By prof. E. L. LUSHINGTON.

INSCRIPTION OF PIANCHI MER-AMON.
Bv REV. F. C. COOK, M.A., Canon of Exeter.

TABLET OF NEWER-HOTEP.
By PAUL PIERRET.

TRAVELS OF AN EGYPTIAN.

By FRANCOIS CHABAS.

THE LAMENTATIONS OF ISIS AND NEPHTHYS.
By p. J. DE HORRACK..

HYMN TO AMEN-RA.
By C. VV. GOODWIN, M.A.

THE TALE OF THE TWO BROTHERS.
By p. LE page RENOUF.

THE TALE OF THE DOOMED PRINCE.
Bv C W. GOODWIN, M.A.

EGYPTIAN CALENDAR. TABLE OF DYNASTIES.

EGYPTIAN MEASURES AND WEIGHTS.

LISTS OF FURTHER TEXTS, ASSYRIAN AND

EGYPTIAN.

Selected bv GEORGE SMITH and P. LE PAGE RENOUF.

RECORDS OF THE PAST.

VOL. III.

ASSYRIAN TEXTS.

CONTENTS:

EARLY HISTORY OF BABYLONIA.
BY GEORGE SMITH.

TABLET OF ANCIENT ACCADIAN LAWS.

SYNCHRONOUS HISTORY OF ASSYRIA AND
BABYLONIA.

BY REV. A. H. SAYCE, M.A.

ANNALS OF ASS U R-N AS I R- P A L.
BY REV. J. M. RODWELL, M.A.

KIJRKH INSCRIPTION OF SHALMANESER.
BY REV. A. H, SAYCE, M.A.

INSCRIPTION OF ESARHADDON.

SECOND INSCRIPTION OF ESARHADDON.

BY H. F. TALBOT, F.R.S.

AN ACCADIAN LITURGY.
BY REV. A. H. SAYCE, M.A.

S.VCRED ASSYRIAN POETR\'
BY H. F. TALBOT, F.R.S.

15ABYLONIAN CHARMS.
BY REV. A. H. SAYCE, M.A,

LIST OF FURTHER TEXTS.

RECORDS OF THE PAST.

VOL. IV.

EGYPTIAN TEXTS,

CONTENTS:

HISTORICAL TEXTS:—

ANNALS OF THOTHMES III.:-

Isf.CHii'TioN or Anebni. Inscription of Aahmes. Obelisk ok the

Lateran.

BY S. BIRCH, LL.D.

OBELISK OF RAMESES II.
BV FRANCOIS CHABAS.

TREATY OF PEACE BETWEEN RAMESES 11. AND

THE HITTITES.

BY C. W. GOODWIN. M.A.

TABLET OF 400 YEARS.

INVASION OF EGYPT BY THE GREEKS IN

THE REIGN OF MENEPHTAH.

DIRGE OF MENEPHTAH. POSSESSED PRINCESS.

BY S. BIRCH, LL.D.

TABLET OF AHMES.

BY PAUL PIERRET.

NEAPOLITAN STELE.

BY C. W. GOODWIN, M.A.

ROSETTA STONE.

HY S. BIRCH, LL.D.

KTIIJ OP/AN ANNALS:—

STELE OF THE DREAM.

BY G. MASPERO.

INSCRIPTION OF QUEEN MADSENEN.

BY PAUL PIERRET.

STELE OF THE EXCOMMUNICATION.

BY G. MASPERO.

MYTHOLOGICAL AND RO M ANTIC TF.XIS-

HYMN TO OSIRIS.

BY FRANCOIS CHABAS.

HYMN TO THE NILE.

BY REV. F. C. COOK.

FESTAL DIRGE OF THE EGYPTIANS.

BY C. W. GOODWIN, M.A.

BOOK OF RESPIRATIONS.

BY P. J. DF. HORRACK.

TALE OF SETNAU.

BY P. LE PAGE RENOUF.

I 1ST OF FURTHER TEXT'^.

RECORDS OF THE PAST.
VOL. V.

ASSYRIAN TEXTS.

HISTORICAL TEXTS:

LEGEND OF THE INFANCY OF SARGINA I.

BY H. F. TALBOT, F.R.S.

INSCRIPTION OF T I GL AT H - PI LES E R I.
BY SIR HENRY RAWLINSON, K.C.B., D.C.L., ETC.

BLACK OBELISK INSCRIPTION OF SHALMANESER IL
BY REV. A. H. SAYCE, M.A.

INSCRIPTION OF T I G L AT H-PI L ES E R II.
BY REV. J. M. RODWELL, M.A.

EARLY HISTORY OF BABYLONIA, PART IL
BY GEORGE SMITH.

INSCRIPTION OF NEBUCHADNEZZAR.
BY REV. J. M. RODWELL, M.A.

INSCRIPTION OF NERIGLISSAR.
BY REV. J. M. RODWELL, M.A.

INSCRIPTION OF NABONIDUS.
BY H. F. TALBOT, F.R.S.

INSCRIPTION OF DARIUS AT N AKS H 1-RUST AM.
BY H. F. TALBOT, F.R.S.

MYTHICAL TEXTS:

ACCADIAN HYMN TO I S T A R.

BY REV. A. H. SAYCE, M.A.

WAR OF THE SEVEN EVIL SPIRITS AGAINST HEAVEN.
BY H. F. TALBOT, F.R.S.

TABLES OF OMENS.
BY REV. A. H. SAYCE, M.A.

LIST OF FURTHER TEXTS.

RECORDS OF THE PAST.

VOL. VI.

EGYPTIAN TEXTS.

CO XT E X TS :

SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTION OF AM EN I.

BY S. BIRCH, LL.D.

INSCRIPTION OF AAHMES, SON OF ABANA.

BY P. LE PACK RENOUF.

LETTER OF PANBKSA.

BY C. W. GOODWIN, M.A.

ANNALS OF RAMESES III.:—

THE CONQUESTS IN ASIA.

BY S. BIRCH, LL.D.

GREAT HARRIS PAPYRUS, PART I.

BY PROFESSOR EISENLOHR AND S. BIRCH, LL.D.

STELE OF THE CORONATION.

BY G. MASPERO.

THE INSCRIPTION OF THE GOVERNOR NES-HOR.

BY PAUL PIERRET.

STELE OK KING HORSIATEF.

BY G. MASPERO.

HYMNS TO AMEN.

BY C. W. GOODWIN, M.A.

INSCRIPTION OF THE DESTRUCTION OF MANKLXD.

BY EDOUARD NAVILLE.

EGYPTIAN MAGICAL TEXT.

BY S. BIRCH, LL.D.

THE SONG OF THE HARPER.

BY LUDWIG STERN.

THE STORY OF SANEHA.

BY C. W. GOODWIN, M.A.

THE TALE OF THE GARDEN OF FLOWERS.

BY FRANCOIS CHABAS.

LIST OF FURTHER TEXTS.

Succeeding Volumes in Preparation.

ARCHAIC CLASSICS.

ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.

An Elementary Grammar and Reading Book of the
Assyrian Language, in the Cuneiform Character : containing
the most complete Syllabary yet extant, and which will serve
also as a Vocabulary of both Accadian and Assyrian. By
Rev. A. H. Sayce, M.A. Quarto, Cloth, "js. 6ct.

EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR.

r~ An Elementary Manual of the Egyptian Language ; with
an interlineary Reading Book : in the Hieroglyphic Cha-
racter. In two Parts. Part I. — Grammar. By P. Le
Page Renouf, F.R.S.L. Quarto, Cloth, js. 6/1.
Part IL — Reading Book, /u the Press.

EXERCISE SHEETS:

Prepared to enable the Student the test his progres by
translating a passage from some well-known Text. On
Writing Paper. Price 2d. each.

AN ARCHAIC DICTIONARY,

Historical and Mythological, from the Egyptian, Assyrian,
and Etruscan Monuments and Papyri. By W. R. Cooper,
F.R.A.S,, M.R.A.S. Cloth extra, \<~,s.

Mullx terricolis lingua;, coclcstibus una.

LONDON:
SAMUEL BAGSTER AND SONS,

15, PATERNOSTER ROW.

LONDON: SAMUEL BAGSTER AND SONS.

ASSYRIAN AND EGYPTIAN
LITERATURE.

THE ASSYRIAN EPrjXVM CANON-

Containing- Translations of the Documents, and an account of the
Evidence, on the Comparative Chronolopry of the Assyrian and Jewish
Kinjrdoms, from the Death of Solomon to Nebuchadnezzar.

By the late Ct(jRGE Smjth, of the Department of Oriental Antiquities,
British Museum. Octavo, Cloth extra. Price 9^-.

THE RESURRECTION OF ASSYRLA

A Lecture delivered in Renfit-ld Presbyterian Church, Glasgow. By
W. R. Coopiiii, F.R.A.S., M.K.A.S., Secrtlary to the Society of Biblical
Archaeolog-y. Paper Wrapper. Price is. 6a'.

THE HEROINES OF THE PAST.

A Lecture delivered at the \\'orl^in^^ Men's Institute, Leiq-hton Buzzard.
By \V. R. Cooper, K.R.A.S., M.K.A.S., Secretary of the Society of
Biblical Archa^olotT)'. Paper Wrapper. Price i>. 6d.

EGYPT AND THE PENTATEUCH.

An Address to the Members of the Open Air Mission. By W. R.
Cooper, F.R.A.S., M.R.A.S., Secretary of the Society of Biblical
Archicology. Paper Wrapper. Price _■>.

THE SERPENT MYTHS OF THE ANCIENT

EGYPTIANS.

Paper Wrapper. Price 45.

ANCIENT CHALDEAN MAGIC.

Translated from the French of M. Franpios Lesobm^nt, with Notes
and References by the English Editor. In the Press.

THE MONUMENTAL HISTORY OF EGYPT.

Rede Lecture, delivered in the Senate House of the University of
Cambridg-e. By S. Birch, LL.D., etc. Paper Wrapper. Price u. 61/.

LONDON: SAMUEL BAGSTER AND SONS.

PHILOLOGICAL LECTURES

On the Assyrian Lanfruage, delivered! to the Students of the Archaic
Classes. By Rev. A. H, Sayce, M.A., Deputy Professor of Comparatfve
Philolog3', Oxford, hi the Press.

INSCRIPTIONS OF ESARHADDON,

King- of Assyria, b.c. 6Si-663. Translated with Text and Commentary,
for the use of Students. By W. St. Chad Boscawen. In the Press.

A REVISION OF THE HEBREW TEXT OF THE

OLD TESTAMENT.

Synopsis of Reading's revised from critical sources; being an attempt to
present a purer and more correct Text than the "Received" one of Van
der Hooght, by the aid of the best existing materials: with the principal
Various Readings found in MSS., ancient Versions, Jewish Books and
Writers, Parallels, Quotations, etc. By Samuel Davidson, D.D. Octavo,
Cloth, price los, 6d.

THE HEADS OF HEBREW GRAMMAR.

Containing all the Principles needed by a Learner; with a Series of
Hebrew Paradigms. By S. P. Tregelles, LL.D. Foolscap octavo, Cloth,
price 3s.

A PRACTICAL HEBREW GRAMMAR.

The Grammar with progressive constructive Exercises to every Rule ; and
a Reading Book. By Dr, J. Rokert Wolfe. Post octavo. Cloth, price 6s.

A POCKET HEBREW-ENGLISH LEXICON.

The Lexicon contains all the Hebrew and Chaldee words in the Old
Testament Scriptures, with their meanings in English, and combining the
alphabetical with the radical arrangement of the words. Foolscap octavo,
Cloth, price 45. 6d.

THE HEXAPLAR PSALTER.

The Book of Psalms in Hebrew; the Greek of the LXX. ; the Vulgate
Latin; Jerome's Hebrew-Latin ; the English Liturgical Version; and the
English Authorised Version: in six Parallel Columns. Quarto, Cloth,
price 15s.

AN INTERLINEARY HEBREW-ENGLISH PSALTER.

The Book of Psalms in Hebrew, printed so as to distinguish the servile
letters from the radical ; with a closely literal English Translation under
each word. Foolscap octavo. Cloth, price 55.

HEBREW PSALMS,
Without Points. Foolscap octavo, price is.

LONDON: SAMUEL BAGSTER AND SONS.

HEBREW AND ENGLISH PSALMS.

The Hebrew Text is that of Van der Hoo^ht, carefully reprinted from
the edition a.u. 1705. The English Version is the Authorised Translation
according to the edition of a.d. 1611. Arranged in Parallel Columns.
Foolscap octavo, Cloth, price 45.

THE STUDY OF THE HEBREW VOWEL POINTS.

A Series of Exercises in very large Hebrew Type, printed upon writinc;-
paper, with space between the lines for the addition in manuscript of tiie
Vowel Points and Accents. Quarto. Nos. 1 and 2. Price ^d. each.

CHALDEE READING LESSONS.

The whole of the Biblical Chaidee, with a Grammatical Praxis, and an
Interlineary Translation. A series of Chaidee Paradigms. Foolscap
octavo, Cloth, price 3s. 6(/.

THE HEBREW LANGUAGE.

The History and Characteristics of the Hebrew Language, including
improved renderings of select passages in our Authorised Translation of
the Old Testament. By Henry Craik. Crown octavo, Cloth, price 3s. 6d.

PRINCIPIA HEBRAIC.A.

The Principles of Hebrew Grammar; an easy Introduction to the
Hebrew Language, in twenty-four large folio Tables, which contam the
Interpretation of all the Hebrew and Chaidee words, both Primirives and
Derivatives, contained in the Old Testament Scri[itiins. By Henry
Craik. Folio, Cloth, price los. 6(/.

THE ENGLISHMAN'S HEBREW AND CHALDEE

CONCORDANCE OF THE OLD TESTAMENT:
Bein"- an attempt at a Verbal Connection between the Original and the
Englfsh Translation: with Indexes, a List of the Proper Names, and their
occurrences, etc. Third Edition. Two Volumes. Royal octavo. Cloth,
price ;C3 U*- 6d.

THE HEBRAIST'S VADE MECUM :
A first attempt at a Complete Verbal Index to the Contents of the Hebrew
and Chaidee Scriptures. Arranged according to Grammar : the occurrences
in full. Demy octavo, price 15s.

THE HEBREW PENTATEUCH.

The five Books of Moses in Hebrew, with Points. Foolscap octavo. Cloth,
price 2i. 6d.

THE PROPHECY OF JOEL.
The Hebrew Text of loel printed metrically, with a new English
Translation and Critical Notes. By the Rev. Joseph Hiches, B.A.
Foolscap octavo, price 2S. 6d.

LONDON: SAMUEL BAGSTER AND SONS.

BIBLIA SACRA POLYGLOTTA.

The Modern Polyglot in Eight Languages.

TWO VOLUMES, FOLIO.

The Biblia Sacra Polyglotta is invaluable to the Biblical Student, who
can, by its aid, compare with facility the various Texts of the Bible. Every
Clergyman also, will find it a great addition to his library.

The advantag"es offered by this Polyglot Bible are great. Unlike the older
Polyglots, it addresses itself primarily to the Interpretation of Scripture.
It g;ives under one simultaneous view the Hebrew Text, the two ancient
indispensable versions, the Septuagint and the Vulgate, and a series of the
best European translations.

The older Polyglots, the Complutensian, the Antwerp, the Paris, and the
London, are inaccessible to most people, and many would find a difficulty
in using them; but this Modern Polyglot is at once accessible, convenient,
moderate in price, and of easy practical use. The study of Hebrew is
spreading every day, the Greek is familiar to most Biblical Students, while
the Latin and European Versions are more or less universally understood.

Bishop Coverdale says in the prologue of his Bible, "Sure I am that
there cometh more knowledge and understanding of the Scriptures by their
sundry translations, than by all the glosses of our sophistical doctors."

The Nnw Testament is presented on a precisely similar plan, with a
Supplement containing the Peschito Syriac Version.

'1 his Polyglot also contains Tables of the Various Readings of the
Plebrew, the Septuagint, the Greek, and Syriac New Testaments.

The Work is handsomely printed in Two Volumes, Crown folio, and is
issued ready bound in best morocco Roxburgh, j^S Ss, ; or bound in Cloth,
;^6 66.; also in 12 Parts, stiff wrapper, 10.';. 6t/. each.

London: SAMUEL BAGSTER AND SONS.

15, PATERNOSTER ROW.

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